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AP Bio > Chapter 45: Hormones and the Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 45: Hormones and the Endocrine System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Hormones

A
  • Signaling molecules

- Communicate regulatory messages throughout the body (pass through the bloodstream)

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2
Q

Endocrine System

A
  • 1 of 2 basic systems for communication and regulation (in the animal body)
  • Chemical signaling = function
  • Slow
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3
Q

Nervous System

A
  • 1 of 2 basic systems for communication and regulation (in the animal body)
  • Network of specialized cells that transmit signals along dedicated pathways (regulate endocrine cells, muscle cells, and neurons)
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4
Q

Local Regulators

A
  • Molecules that act over a short distance

- Reach their target through diffusion

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5
Q

Paracrine

A

Target cells lie near the secreting cells

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6
Q

Autocrine

A

Secreting cells are the target cells

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7
Q

Prostaglandin

A
  • Local regulator
  • Mediates signaling
  • Acts in reproductive organs and in the immune system
  • Helps regulate aggregation of platelets
  • A modified fatty acid
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8
Q

Neurotransmitters

A
  • Diffuse at a very short distance

- Bind to receptors on target cells

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9
Q

Neurohormone

A
  • Molecule that is secreted by a neuron
  • Travels in body fluids
  • Acts on specific target cells, changing their functioning
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10
Q

Pheromones

A
  • Chemicals released externally into the environment
  • Functions:
    - defining territories
    - warning of predators
    - attracting potential mates
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11
Q

Nitric Oxide (NO)

A
  • Functions as a neurotransmitter and local regulator
  • Released when blood oxygen levels fall
  • Activates enzyme to relax cells, increasing blood flow to tissues
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12
Q

Signal Transduction

A
  • Series of changes in cellular proteins

- Changes the extracellular chemical signal to an intracellular response

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13
Q

Epinephrine

A
  • Adrenaline
  • Causes cAMP to be synthesized and activation can cause glycogen breakdown
  • Glucose is released into the bloodstream to fuel the fight/flight response
  • A catecholamine
  • Secreted by the adrenal medulla
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14
Q

Endocrine Glands

A
  • Ductless organs made up of endocrine cells

- Release hormones directly into surrounding fluid

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15
Q

Oxytocin

A
  • Hormone released by posterior pituitary
  • Signals milk production in mammary glands
  • Stimulates contraction of smooth muscle cells in uterus
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16
Q

Negative Feedback

A
  • Response reduces initial stimulus
  • Helps restore to standing prior to stimulus
  • Like an on/off switch
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17
Q

Positive Feedback

A
  • Response causes reinforcement of stimuli

- Continued response

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18
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • Region of the brain

- Coordinates endocrine signaling in vertebrates

19
Q

Pituitary Gland

A
  • Located at the base of the hypothalamus
  • Receives signals from that gland
  • Master gland
20
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A
  • Extension of the actions of the hypothalamus

- Releases oxytocin and vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone)

21
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A

Synthesizes and secretes hormones in response to hypothalamus ones

22
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A
  • Functions in regulating the kidneys
  • Also called vasopressin
  • Secreted by the posterior pituitary
  • Role in social behavior
23
Q

Prolactin

A
  • Hormone produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary
  • Diversity of effects in different vertebrate species
  • Stimulates growth and milk production by the mammary glands in mammals
24
Q

Tropic Hormones/Tropins

A

Anterior pituitary hormones in a hormone cascade pathway

25
Q

Thyroid Hormone

A
  • Regulates bioenergetics

- Helps maintain blood pressure, heart rate, muscle tone, and digestive/reproductive functions

26
Q

Growth Hormone (GH)

A
  • Secreted by anterior pituitary

- Stimulation causes tropic/nontropic effects to cause growth

27
Q

Parathyroid Glands

A
  • 4 small endocrine glands
  • Embedded in the surface of the thyroid
  • Secretes parathyroid hormone
28
Q

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

A
  • Increases level of blood Ca2+
  • Causes mineralized matrix of bones to break down
  • Stimulates reabsorption of Ca2+ in renal tubules of kidneys
  • Promotes production of Vitamin D (indirect effect on intestines)
29
Q

Calcitonin

A
  • Inhibits bone breakdown
  • Enhances Ca2+ excretion by kidneys
  • Secreted by the thyroid gland
30
Q

Adrenal Glands

A
  • Located near the top of the kidneys
  • Made up of the adrenal cortex (outer) and adrenal medulla (central)
  • Fused endocrine and neurocrine gland
31
Q

Norepinephrine

A
  • Noradrenaline
  • A catecholamine
  • Secreted by the adrenal medulla
  • Chemically and functionally similar to epinephrine
  • Acts as a hormone or neurotransmitter
  • with epinephrine, responsible for the fight/flight response
32
Q

Catecholamines

A

Amine hormones synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine

33
Q

Glucocorticoids

A
  • Have a primary effect on glucose metabolism
  • Cause breakdown of skeletal muscle proteins (when reserves run out in the liver)
  • Can have an anti-inflammatory effect
34
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A
  • Have an effect on mineral metabolism

- Specifically affect water and salt balance

35
Q

Androgens

A
  • Example: testosterone
  • Responsible for the development of male secondary sex characteristics
  • Primarily synthesized by the testes
36
Q

Testosterone

A
  • Steroid hormone
  • Required for development of the male reproductive system, spermatogenesis, and male secondary sex characteristics
  • Major androgen in mammals
37
Q

Estrogens

A
  • Example: estradiol
  • Maintain female reproductive system
  • Develop female secondary sex characteristics
38
Q

Estradiol

A
  • Steroid hormone
  • Stimulates the development and maintenance of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics
  • Major estrogen in mammals
39
Q

Progestins

A
  • Example: progesterone

- Prepare and maintain tissues lining the uterus for the support and development of an embryo

40
Q

Progesterone

A
  • Steroid hormone
  • Prepares the uterus for pregnancy
  • Major progestin in mammals
41
Q

Melatonin

A

-Modified amino acid
-Regulates light and seasonal related functions
-Functions in:
-skin pigmentation
-biological rhytyms associated with reproduction and daily
activity
-promoting sleep

42
Q

Pineal Gland

A
  • Small mass of tissue near the brain

- Produces melatonin

43
Q

Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

A
  • Secreted by anterior pituitary
  • In amphibians, fish, and reptiles: it regulates pigmentation
  • In mammals: functions in hunger, metabolism, and skin pigmentation

AP Bio (34 decks)

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