Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

the form of cellular respiration found in some prokaryotes in which a molecule other than oxygen is used in the ATP-producing process

A

anaerobic respiration

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2
Q

the partial or full loss of electrons from a substance

A

oxidation

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3
Q

substance-the electron donor-from which the electrons are lost during oxidation

A

oxidized

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4
Q

the partial or full gain of electrons to a substance

A

reduction

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5
Q

substance-the electron acceptor-that gains electrons during reduction

A

reduced

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6
Q

coupled oxidation-reduction reaction in which electrons are removed from a donor molecule and simultaneously added to an acceptor molecule

A

redox reactions

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7
Q

a coenzyme that serves as an electron carrier

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)

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8
Q

stage of cellular respiration in which sugars such as glucose are partially oxidized and broken down into smaller molecules

A

glycolysis

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9
Q

an enzymecatalyzed reaction that transfers a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP

A

substrate-level phosphorylation

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10
Q

stage of cellular respiration in which the threecarbon molecules pyruvate is converted into a 2-carbon acetyl group that is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide

A

pyruvate oxidation

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11
Q

series of reactions in which acetyl groups are oxidized completely to carbon dioxide and some ATP molecules are synthesized

A

citric acid cycle

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12
Q

synthesis of ATP in which ATP synthase uses an H+ gradient built by the electron transfer system as the energy source to make the ATP

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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13
Q

stage of cellular respiration in which high-energy electrons produced from glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle are delivered to oxygen by a sequence of electron carriers

A

electron transfer system

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14
Q

a membrane-spanning protein complex that couples the energetically favorable transport of protons across a membrane to the synthesis of ATP

A

ATP synthase

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15
Q

series of reactions in which acetyl groups are oxidized completely to carbon dioxide and some ATP molecules are synthesized

A

citric acid cycle/ Krebs cycle/ tricarboxylic acid cycle

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16
Q

stage of cellular respiration in which the 3carbon molecule pyruvate is converted into a 2-carbon acetyl group that is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide

A

pyruvic acid oxidation

17
Q

series of electron carriers that alternately pick up and release electrons ultimately transferring them to their final acceptor, oxygen

A

mitochondrial electron transfer system

18
Q

protein with a heme prosthetic group that contains an iron atom

A

cytochromes

19
Q

stored energy that contributes to ATP synthesis as well as to the cotransport of substances to and form mitochondria

A

proton-motive force

20
Q

model proposing that mitochondrial electron transfer produces an H+ gradient and that the gradient powers ATP synthesis by ATP synthase

A

chemiosmotic hypothesis

21
Q

process in which electrons carried by NADH are transferred to an organic acceptor molecule rather than to the electron transfer system

A

fermentation

22
Q

reaction in which pyruvate is converted into lactate

A

lactate fermentation

23
Q

reaction in which pyruvate is converted into ethyl alcohol and CO2 in a 2-step series that also converts NADH into NAD+

A

alcoholic fermentation

24
Q

organism in which fermentation is he only source of ATP

A

strict anaerobes

25
an organism that can live in the presence or absence of oxygen using oxygen when it is present and living by fermentation under anaerobic conditions
facultative anaerobes
26
cell with an absolute requirement for oxygen to survive unable to live solely by fermentations
strict aerobes
27
the form of cellular respiration found in eukaryotes and many prokaryotes in which oxygen is a reactant in the ATP-producing process
aerobic respiration