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Biology 107 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Characteristic that depends on the level of organization of matter, but does not exist at lower levels of organization

Example:Communities can be described in terms of their diversity-the number and types of different populations they contain- and their stability-the degree to which the populations within the communities remain the same through time.
Life is thus an ____ of the organization of matter into cells

A

Emergent Properties

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2
Q

hierarchy of life

A

Cell__Multicellular organism__Population__Community__Ecosystem__ Biosphere

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3
Q

Individuals consisting of single cells

Example: bacteria and protozoans

A

Unicellular Organisms

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4
Q

Individuals consisting of interdependent cells

Example: plants and animals

A

Multicellular organisms

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5
Q

All the individuals of a single species that live together in the same place and time

A

Population

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6
Q

Populations of all species that occupy the same area

A

Community

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7
Q

Group of biological communities interacting with their shared physical environment

A

Ecosystem

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8
Q

All regions of Earth’s crust, waters, and atmosphere that sustain life

A

Biosphere

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9
Q

Large, double-stranded, helical molecule that contains the genetic material of all living organisms

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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10
Q

A polymer assembled form repeating nucleotide monomers in which the five-carbon sugar is ribose. Cellular ___ include mRNA (which is translated to produce a polypeptide), tRNA (which brings an amino acid to the ribosome for assembly into a polypeptide during translation), and rRNA (which is a structural component of ribosomes). The genetic material of some viruses is__

A

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

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11
Q

Molecules that carry out most of the activities of life, including the synthesis of all other biological molecules. Consists of one or more polypeptides depending on it

A

Protein

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12
Q

The biochemical reactions that allow a cell or organism to extract energy from its surroundings and use that energy to maintain itself, grown, and reproduce

A

Metabolism

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13
Q

The conversion of light energy to chemical energy in the form of sugar and other organic molecules

A

Photosynthesis

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14
Q

The process by which energy-rich molecules are broken down to produce energy in the form of ATP

A

Cellular Respiration

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15
Q

Smallest unit with the capacity to live and reproduce

An organized chemical system that includes many specialized molecules surrounded by a membrane

A

Cell

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16
Q

An autotroph usually a photosynthetic organism, a member of the first trophic level

A

Primary Producers

17
Q

An organism that consumes other organisms in a community or ecosystem

A

Consumers

18
Q

A small organism, such as a bacterium or fungus, that feeds on the remains of dead organisms, breaking down complex biological molecules or structures into simpler raw material

A

Decomposers

19
Q

A steady internal condition maintained by responses that compensate for changes in the external environment

A

Homeostasis

20
Q

The process in which parents produce offspring

A

Reproduction

21
Q

The transmission of DNA (genetic info) from one generation to the next

A

inheritance

22
Q

A series of programmed changes encoded in DNA, through which a fertilized egg divides into many cells that ultimately are transformed into an adult, which is itself capable of reproduction

A

development

23
Q

The sequential stages through which individuals develop, grow, maintain themselves, and reproduce

A

life cycle

24
Q

The process by which some individuals in a population experience changes in their DNA and pass those modified instructions to their offspring

A

Biological Evolution

25
Q

Selective breeding of organisms to ensure that certain desirable traits appear at higher frequency in successive generations

A

artificial selection

26
Q

The evolutionary process by which alleles that increase the likelihood of survival and the reproductive output of the individuals that carry them become more common in subsequent generation

A

natural selection

27
Q

A unit containing the code for a protein molecule or one of its parts or for functioning RNA molecules such as tRNA and rRNA

A

genes

28
Q

A spontaneous and heritable change in DNA

A

mutations

29
Q

Characteristic that helps an organism survive longer or reproduce more under a particular set of environmental conditions

A

adaptations

30
Q

The collective effort of individuals who worked to understand how living systems function

A

biological research

31
Q

research conducted to search for explanations about natural phenomena in order to satisfy curiosity and to advance collective knowledge of living system

A

basic research

32
Q

research conducted with the goal of solving specific practical problems

A

applied research

Biology 107 (16 decks)

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