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Biology 107 > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

a virus that infects bacteria

A

bacteriophages

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2
Q

an infectious agent that contains either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat

A

virus

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3
Q

a purine that base-pairs with either thymine in DNA or uracil in RNA

A

adenine

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4
Q

a purine that base-pairs with cytosine in nucleic acids

A

guanine

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5
Q

a pyrimidine that base-pairs with adenine

A

thymine

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6
Q

a pyrimidine that base-pairs with guanine in nucleic acids

A

cytosine

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7
Q

structure in a polynucleotide chain that is formed when deoxyribose sugar(in DNA) or ribose sugars(in RNA) are linked by phosphate groups in an alternating sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate pattern

A

sugar-phosphate backbone

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8
Q

the end of a polynucleotide chain at which a phosphate group is bound to the 5? carbon of a deoxyribose sugar

A

5’ end

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9
Q

the end of a poly nucleotide chain at which a hydoxyl group is bonded to the 3’ carbon of a deoxyribose sugar

A

3’ end

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10
Q

method for deducing the position of atoms in a molecule

A

X-ray diffraction

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11
Q

model of DNA consisting of 2 polynucleotide strands twisted around each other

A

double-helical model

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12
Q

feature of DNA in which the specific purine-pyrimidine base pairs A-T and G-C occur to bridge the 2 sugar-phosphate backbones

A

complementary base pairing

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13
Q

strands of double-stranded DNA that run in opposite directions with the 3’ end of one strand opposite the 5’ end of the other strand

A

antiparallel

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14
Q

the process of DNA replication in which the 2 parental strands separate and each serves as a template for the synthesis of new progeny double-stranded DNA molecular

A

semiconservative replication

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15
Q

a protein that encircles the DNA and binds to the DNA polymerase to tether the enzyme to the template, thereby making replication more efficient

A

sliding DNA clamp

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16
Q

a specific region at which DNA replication commences. Bacterial chromosomes have single origins of replication whereas eukaryotic chromosomes have multiple origins

A

origin of replication (ori)

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17
Q

an enzyme that catalyzes the unwinding of DNA template strands

A

DNA helicase

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18
Q

region of DNA synthesis where the parental strands separate and 2 new daughter strands elongate

A

replication fork

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19
Q

protein that coats single-stranded segments of DNA, stabilizing the DNA for the replication process

A

single-stranded binding protein (SSBs)

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20
Q

an enzyme that relieves the overtwisting and strain of DNA ahead of replication fork

A

topoisomerase

21
Q

a short nucleotide chain made of RNA that is laid down as the first series of nucleotides in a new DNA strand, or made of DNA for use in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

A

primer

22
Q

an enzyme that assembles the primer for a new DNA strand during DNA replication

A

primase

23
Q

replication in which a DNA strand is formed in short lengths that are synthesized in the direction opposite of DNA unwinding

A

discontinuous replication

24
Q

the short lengths of lagging strand DNA produced by discontinuous replication

A

Okazaki fragments

25
Q

new DNA strand synthesized during replication in the direction of DNA unwinding

A

leading strand

26
Q

DNA template strand for the leading strand

A

leading strand template

27
Q

the new DNA strand synthesized discontinuously during replication in the direction opposite to that of DNA unwinding

A

lagging strand

28
Q

the large, doublestranded helical molecule that contains the genetic material of all living organisms

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

29
Q

the principal replication polymerase in E. coli that synthesizes the majority of the new DNA

A

DNA polymerase III

30
Q

in E. coli the replication enzyme that replaces the RNA primer at the start of a new DNA segment with DNA

A

DNA polymerase I

31
Q

the 2 Y-shaped replication forks joined together at the tops of the Ys after DNA is unwound at an origin of replication

A

replication bubble

32
Q

an enzyme that adds telomere repeats to chromosome ends

A

telomerase

33
Q

an error in the assembly of a new nucleotide chain in which bases other than the correct ones pair together

A

base-pair mismatches

34
Q

mechanism during DNA replication in which DNA polymerase backs up and removes a mispaired nucleotide from a newly synthesized DNA strand and then adds the correct nucleotide to the growing chain

A

proofreading mechanism

35
Q

mechanism to correct base-pair mismatches that escape proofreading

A

DNA repair mechanisms

36
Q

repair system that removes mismatched bases from newly synthesized DNA strands

A

mismatch repair

37
Q

a histone and nonhistone protein associated with DNA in a eukaryotic nuclear chromosome

A

chromosomal protein

38
Q

any assemblage of eukaryotic nuclear DNA molecules and their associated proteins

A

chromatin

39
Q

a small positively charged(basic) protein that is complexed with DNA in the chromosomes of eukaryotes

A

histones

40
Q

the basic structural unit of chromatin in eukaryotes consisting of DNA wrapped around a histone core

A

nucleosome

41
Q

an 8-protein particle formed by the combination of 2 molecules each of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 around which DNA winds for almost 2 turns

A

nucleosome core particle

42
Q

a short segment of DNA extending between 1 nucleosome and the next in a eukaryotic chromosome

A

linker

43
Q

most fundamental level of chromatin packing of a eukaryotic chromosome in which DNA winds for almost 2 turns around an 8-protein nucleosome and linker DNA extends between adjacent nucleosomes. the result is a beads-on-a-string type of structure with a 10-nm diameter

A

10 nm chromatin fiber

44
Q

level of chromatin packing of a eukaryotic chromosome in which histone H1 binds to the 10-nm chromatin fiber causing it to package into a coiled structure about 30 nm in diameter and with about 6 nucleosomes per solenoid

A

30-nm chromatin fiber

45
Q

all the proteins associated with DNA in a eukaryotic chromosome that are not histones

A

nonhistone proteins

46
Q

DNA molecule in bacteria in which hereditary information is encoded

A

bacterial chromosome

47
Q

the central region of a prokaryotic cell with no boundary membrane separating it from the cytoplasm, where DNA replication and RNA transcription occur

A

nucleoid

48
Q

A DNA molecule in the cytoplasm of certain prokaryotes, which often contain genes with functions that supplement those in the nucleoid and which can replicate independently of the nucleoid DNA and be passed along during cell division

A

plasmids

Biology 107 (16 decks)

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