Chapter 11

Question 1

a haploid cell, an egg or sperm. haploid cells fuse during sexual reproduction to form a diploid zygote

Answer 1

gametes

Question 2

division of diploid cells to haploid progeny consisting of 2 sequential rounds of nuclear and cellular division

Answer 2

meiosis

Question 3

any of cells of an organism’s body other than reproductive cells

Answer 3

somatic cells

Question 4

the fusion of nuclei of an egg and sperm cell which initiates development of a new individual

Answer 4

fertilization

Question 5

a fertilized egg

Answer 5

zygote

Question 6

a specialized gamete-producing organ in which the germ cells collect. are the primary source of sex hormone in vertebrates: ovaries in females and testes in males

Answer 6

gonads

Question 7

the male gonad. in male vertebrates, they secrete androgens and steroid hormones that stimulate and control the development and maintenance of male reproductive systems

Answer 7

testis

Question 8

a haploid cell that develops into mature sperm cell when meiosis is complete

Answer 8

spermatozoa (sperm)

Question 9

in animals, the female gonad,which produces female gametes and reproductive hormones. in flowering plants, the enlarged base of a carpel in which 1 or more ovules develop into seeds

Answer 9

ovaries

Question 10

the formation of male and female gametes

Answer 10

gametogenesis

Question 11

the chromosome derived from the male parent of an organism

Answer 11

paternal chromosome

Question 12

the chromosome derived from the female parent of an organism

Answer 12

maternal chromosome

Question 13

1 of 2 or more versions of a gene

Answer 13

alleles

Question 14

an organism or cell with only one copy of each type of chromosome in its nuclei

Answer 14

haploid

Question 15

the first division of the meiotic cell cycle in which homologous chromosomes pair and undergo an exchange of chromosome segments, and then the homologous chromosomes separate, resulting in 2 cells each with the haploid number of chromosomes and with each chromosome still consisting of 2 chromatids

Answer 15

meiosis I

Question 16

the second division of the meiotic cell cycle in which the sister chromatids in each of the 2 cells produced by meiosis I separate and segregate into different cells resulting in 4 cells each with the haploid number of chromosomes

Answer 16

meiosis II

Question 17

a brief interphase separating the 2 meiotic division

Answer 17

interkinesis

Question 18

the failure of homologous pairs to separate during the first meiotic division or of chromatids to separate during the second meiotic division

Answer 18

nondisjunction

Question 19

chromosomes that are different in male and female individuals of the same species

Answer 19

sex chromosomes

Question 20

chromosomes that contain nonparental combinations of alleles. in eukaryotes, they are generated by crossing-over in meiosis

Answer 20

recombinant chromosomes

Question 21

the process by which the combinations of alleles for different genes in 2 parental individuals become shuffled into new combinations in offspring individuals

Answer 21

genetic recombination

Question 22

nonparental combinations of alleles. in eukaryotes they results from crossing-over in meiosis

Answer 22

genetic recombinants

Question 23

phenotype with a different combination of traits from those of the original parents

Answer 23

recombinants

Question 24

mode of reproduction in which male and female parents produce offspring through the union of egg and sperm generated by meiosis

Answer 24

sexual reproduction

Question 25

mendel’s principle that the alleles of the genes that govern 2 characters assort independently during formation of gametes. mechanistically this is case because any combination of chromosomes may be segregated to the spindle poles during meiosis I

Answer 25

independent assortment