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Biology 107 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

a membrane with 2 molecular layers

A

bilayer

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2
Q

the predominant sterol of animal cell membranes

A

cholesterol

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3
Q

a protein embedded in the cell membrane that forms a channel allowing selected polar molecules and ions to pass across the membrane

A

transport proteins

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4
Q

protein in the plasma membrane that identifies a cell as part of the same individual or as foreign

A

recognition proteins

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5
Q

protein that recognizes and binds molecules from other cells that act as chemical signals

A

receptor proteins

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6
Q

protein that binds cells together by recognizing and binding receptors or chemical groups on other cells or on the extracellular matrix

A

cell adhesion proteins

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7
Q

a lipid molecule with carbohydrate groups attached

A

glycolipids

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8
Q

protein with carbohydrate groups attached

A

glycoproteins

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9
Q

a carbohydrate coat covering the cell surface

A

glycocalyx

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10
Q

model proposing that the membrane consists of a fluid phospholipid bilayer in which proteins are embedded and float freely

A

fluid mosaic model

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11
Q

protein embedded in a phospholipid bilayer

A

integral proteins

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12
Q

protein held to membrane surfaces by noncovalent bonds formed with the polar parts of integral membrane proteins or membrane lipids

A

peripheral proteins

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13
Q

technique in which experimenters freeze a block of cells rapidly, then fracture the block to split the lipid bilayer and expose the hydrophobic membrane interior

A

freeze-fracture technique

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14
Q

the controlled movement of ions and molecules from one side of a membrane to the other

A

transport

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15
Q

the transport of substances across cell membranes without expenditure of energy, as in diffusion

A

passive transport

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16
Q

the mechanisms by which ions and molecules move against the concentration gradient across a membrane from the side with the lower concentration to the side with the higher concentration

A

active transport

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17
Q

the net movement of ions or molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

A

diffusion

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18
Q

a difference in concentration molecules or ions between 2 areas

A

concentration gradient

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19
Q

membranes that selectively allow, impede, or block the passage of atoms and molecules

A

selectively permeable

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20
Q

mechanism by which certain small substances diffuse through the lipid part of a biological membrane

A

simple diffusion

21
Q

mechanism by which polar and charged molecules diffuse across membranes with the help of transport proteins

A

facilitated diffusion

22
Q

transport protein that forms a hydrophilic channel in a cell membrane through which water, ions, or other molecules can pass, depending on the protein

A

channel proteins

23
Q

a specialized protein channel that facilitates diffusion of water through cell membranes

A

aquaporins

24
Q

ion transporter in a membrane that switches between open, closed, or intermediate states

A

gated channels

25
Q

transport protein that binds a specific single solute and transports it across the lipid bilayer

A

carrier proteins

26
Q

the passive transport of water across a selectively permeable membrane in response to solute concentration gradients, a pressure gradient, or both

A

osmosis

27
Q

a state of dynamic equilibrium in which the pressure of the solution on one side of a selectively permeable membrane exactly balances the tendency of water molecules to diffuse passively from the other side of the membrane due to a concentration gradient

A

osmotic pressure

28
Q

the effect a solution has on a cell when the solution surrounds it

A

tonicity

29
Q

solution containing dissolved substances at lower concentrations than the cells it surrounds

A

hypotonic

30
Q

the internal hydrostatic pressure within plant cells

A

turgor pressure

31
Q

solution containing dissolved substances at higher concentrations than the cells it surrounds

A

hypertonic

32
Q

conditions due to outward osmotic movement of water, in which plant cells shrink so much that they retract from their water

A

plasmolysis

33
Q

equal concentration of water inside and outside cells

A

isotonic

34
Q

the mechanism by which ions and molecules move against the concentration gradient across a membrane, from the side with the lower concentration to the side with the higher concentration

A

active transport

35
Q

an electrical voltage that measures the potential inside a cell membrane relative to the fluid just outside; it is negative under resting conditions and becomes positive during an action potential

A

membrane potential

36
Q

transport in which the same protein that transports a substance also hydrolyzes ATP to power the transport directly

A

primary active transport

37
Q

transport indirectly driven by ATP hydrolysis

A

secondary active transport

38
Q

pump that moves hydrogen ions across membrane and pushes hydrogen ions across the plasma membrane from the cytoplasm to the cell exterior

A

proton pumps/ H+ pump

39
Q

pump that pushes Ca2+ from the cytoplasm to the cell exterior, and also from the cytosol into the vesicles of the endoplasmic

A

Ca2+ pump

40
Q

pump that pushes 3 Na+ out of the cell and 2 K+ into the cell in the same pumping cycle

A

Na+/K+ pump

41
Q

a difference in chemical concentration and electric potential across a membrane

A

electrochemical gradient

42
Q

the transport of 2 molecules in the same direction across a membrane

A

symport

43
Q

a secondary active transport mechanism in which a molecule moves through a membrane channel into a cell and powers the active transport of a second molecule out of the cell

A

antiport/exchange diffusion

44
Q

mechanism by which extracellular water is taken into a cell together with any molecules that happen to be in solution in the water

A

bulk-phase endocytosis

45
Q

the selective uptake of macromolecules that bind to cell surface receptors concentrated in clathrin-coated pits

A

receptor-mediated endocytosis

46
Q

a depression in the plasma membrane that contains receptors for macromolecules to be taken up by endocytosis

A

coated pit

47
Q

the network of proteins that coat and reinforce the cytoplamic surface of cell membranes

A

clathrin

48
Q

process in which some types of cells engulf bacteria or other cellular debris to break them down

A

phagocytosis

49
Q

the outer limit of the cytoplasm responsible for the regulation of substances moving into and out of cells

A

plasma membrane

Biology 107 (16 decks)

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