Chapter 3

Question 1

molecule without carbon atoms in its structure

Answer 1

inorganic molecules

Question 2

molecule consisting of carbon liked only to hydrogen aoms

Answer 2

hydrocarbons

Question 3

the atoms in reactive groups

Answer 3

functional groups

Question 4

group consisting of an oxygen atom link to a hydrogen atom on one side and to a carbon chain on the other side (-OH)

Answer 4

hydroxyl group

Question 5

the reactive part of aldehydes and ketones, consisting of an oxygen atom like to a carbon atom by a double bond (>C=O)

Answer 5

carbonyl group

Question 6

The characteristic functional group of organic acids, formed by the combination of carbonyl and hydroxyl groups (-COOH)

Answer 6

carboxyl group

Question 7

group that acts as an organic base, consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded on one side to 2 hydrogen atoms and on the other side to a carbon chain (-NH2)

Answer 7

amino group

Question 8

Group consisting of a central phosphorus atom help in 4 linkages: 2 that bind -OH groups to the central phosphorus atom, a third that binds an oxygen atom to the central phosphorus atom, and a fourth that links the phosphate group to an oxygen atom (-OPO3^2-)

Answer 8

phosphate group

Question 9

group that works as a molecular fastener, consisting of a sulfur atom liked on one side to a hydrogen atom and on the other side to a carbon atom (-SH)

Answer 9

sulfhydryl group

Question 10

2 or more molecules with the same chemical formula but different molecular structures

Answer 10

isomers

Question 11

molecules that are mirror images of one another

Answer 11

stereoisomers

Question 12

2 molecules with the same chemical formula but atoms that are arranged in different ways

Answer 12

structural isomers

Question 13

reaction during which the components of a water molecule are removed, usually as part of the assembly of a larger molecule from smaller subunits

Answer 13

condensation reaction or dehydration synthesis reaction

Question 14

reaction in which the components of a water molecule are added to functional groups as molecules are broken into smaller subunits

Answer 14

hydrolysis

Question 15

a molecule assembled from subunit molecules called monomers into a chain by covalent bonds

Answer 15

polymer

Question 16

the process of assembly of a polymer from monomers(reactions are dehydration synthesis reactions)

Answer 16

polymerization

Question 17

a storage polysaccharide in plants consisting of branched or unbranched chains of glucose subunits

Answer 17

starch

Question 18

energy-providing carbohydrates stored in animal cells

Answer 18

glycogen

Question 19

one of the primary constituents of plant cell walls, formed by chains of carbohydrate subunits

Answer 19

cellulose

Question 20

the smallest carbohydrates containing 3 to 7 carbon atoms

Answer 20

monosaccharides

Question 21

an enzyme that splits disaccharides (2 sugar molecules joined together) into individual monosaccharides (single sugar molecules)

Answer 21

disaccharide

Question 22

chain with more than 10 linked monosaccharide subunits

Answer 22

polysaccharides

Question 23

bond formed by the linkage of 2 alpha-glucose molecules with oxygen as a bridge between a carbon of the first glucose unit and a carbon of the second glucose unit

Answer 23

glycosidic bonds

Question 24

a diverse group of water-insoluble, primarily nonpolar biological molecules composed mostly of hydrocarbons

Answer 24

lipids

Question 25

energy-storing molecules consisting of a glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acid chains

Answer 25

neutral lipids

Question 26

neutral lipid that is liquid at biological temperatures

Answer 26

oils

Question 27

neutral lipid that is semisolid at biological temperatures

Answer 27

fats

Question 28

a nonpolar compound produced when a fatty acid binds by a dehydration synthesis reaction at each of glycerols 3--OH- bearing sites

Answer 28

triglyceride

Question 29

one of 2 components of a neutral lipid, containing single hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group link at one end

Answer 29

fatty acid

Question 30

a covalent bond formed between a carboxyl group and a hydroxyl group

Answer 30

ester linkage

Question 31

fatty acid with only single bonds liking the carbon atoms

Answer 31

saturated

Question 32

fatty acids with one double bond

Answer 32

monounsaturated

Question 33

fatty acids with more than one double bonds

Answer 33

polyunsaturated

Question 34

a phosphate-containing lipid

Answer 34

phospholipids

Question 35

a type of lipid derived form cholesterol

Answer 35

steriods

Question 36

steroid with a single polar -OH group linked to one end of the ring framework and a complex, nonpolar hydrocarbon chain at the other end

Answer 36

sterols

Question 37

the predominant sterol of animal cell membranes

Answer 37

cholesterol

Question 38

a sterol that occurs in plant cell membranes

Answer 38

phytosterols

Question 39

protein that accelerates the rate of cellular reaction

Answer 39

enzymes

Question 40

a molecule that contains both an amino and a carboxyl group

Answer 40

amino acid

Question 41

a link formed by a dehydration synthesis reaction between the -NH2 group of one amino acid and the -COOH group of a second

Answer 41

peptide bond

Question 42

The end of a polypeptide chain with an -NH3+ group

Answer 42

N-terminal end

Question 43

the end of an amino acid chain with a -COO- group

Answer 43

C-terminal end

Question 44

the chain of amino acids formed by sequential peptide bonds

Answer 44

polypeptide

Question 45

the sequence of amino acids in a protein

Answer 45

primary structure

Question 46

regions of alpha helix, beta strand, or random coil in a polypeptide chain

Answer 46

secondary structure

Question 47

the overall three-dimensional folding of a polypeptide chain

Answer 47

tertiary structure

Question 48

the arrangement of polypeptide chains in a protein that contains more than one chain

Answer 48

quaternary structure

Question 49

a type of secondary structure of a polypeptide in which the amino acid chain is twisted into a regular, right-hand spiral

Answer 49

alpha helix

Question 50

a type of primary structure in a polypeptide in which the amino acid chain zigzag in a flat plane to form a beta strand, and beta strands then align side by side in the same or opposite direction

Answer 50

beta sheet

Question 51

the overall 3D shape of protein

Answer 51

conformation

Question 52

a loss of both the structure and function of a protein due to extreme conditions that unfold it form its normal conformation

Answer 52

denaturation

Question 53

the reformation of a denatured protein into its folded, functional state

Answer 53

renaturation

Question 54

"guide" protein that binds temporarily with newly synthesized proteins, directing their conformation toward the correct tertiary structure and inhibiting incorrect arrangements as the new proteins fold

Answer 54

chaperone protein

Question 55

alternation in the 3D shape of a protein

Answer 55

conformational change

Question 56

in protein structure, a distinct, large structural subdivision produced in many proteins by the folding of the amino acid chains. in systematics, the highest taxonomic category; a group of cellular organisms with characteristics that set it apart as a major branch of the evolutionary tree

Answer 56

domains

Question 57

a highly specialized region in a protein produced by 3D arrangement of amino acid chains within and between domains

Answer 57

motifs

Question 58

the large, double stranded, helical molecule that contains the genetic material of all living organisms

Answer 58

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Question 59

a plymer assemble form repeating nucleotide monomers in which the 5-carbon sugar is ribose

Answer 59

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Question 60

the monomer of nucleic acids consisting of 5-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate

Answer 60

nucleotide

Question 61

a nitrogen-containing molecule with he properties of a base

Answer 61

nitrogenous base

Question 62

a type of nitrogenous base with one carbon-nitrogen ring

Answer 62

pyrimidines

Question 63

a type of nitrogenous base with 2 carbon-nitrogen rings

Answer 63

purines

Question 64

chemical structure containing only nitrogenous base and a 5-carbon sugar

Answer 64

nucleoside

Question 65

5-carbon sugar to which the nitrogenous bases in nucleotides link covalently

Answer 65

ribose

Question 66

5-carbon sugar to which nitrogenous base and a phosphate group link covalently in a nucleotide of DNA

Answer 66

deoxyribose

Question 67

nucleotide containing ribose as the sugar; components of RNA

Answer 67

ribonucleotides

Question 68

the linkage of nucleotides in polynucleotide chains by a bridging phosphate group between 5' carbon of one sugar and 3' carbon of the next sugar in line

Answer 68

phosphodiester bond

Question 69

2 nucleotide chains wrapped around each other in a spiral

Answer 69

double helix

Question 70

molecule based on carbon

Answer 70

organic molecules