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Biology 107 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

molecule without carbon atoms in its structure

A

inorganic molecules

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2
Q

molecule consisting of carbon liked only to hydrogen aoms

A

hydrocarbons

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3
Q

the atoms in reactive groups

A

functional groups

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4
Q

group consisting of an oxygen atom link to a hydrogen atom on one side and to a carbon chain on the other side (-OH)

A

hydroxyl group

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5
Q

the reactive part of aldehydes and ketones, consisting of an oxygen atom like to a carbon atom by a double bond (>C=O)

A

carbonyl group

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6
Q

The characteristic functional group of organic acids, formed by the combination of carbonyl and hydroxyl groups (-COOH)

A

carboxyl group

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7
Q

group that acts as an organic base, consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded on one side to 2 hydrogen atoms and on the other side to a carbon chain (-NH2)

A

amino group

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8
Q

Group consisting of a central phosphorus atom help in 4 linkages: 2 that bind -OH groups to the central phosphorus atom, a third that binds an oxygen atom to the central phosphorus atom, and a fourth that links the phosphate group to an oxygen atom (-OPO3^2-)

A

phosphate group

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9
Q

group that works as a molecular fastener, consisting of a sulfur atom liked on one side to a hydrogen atom and on the other side to a carbon atom (-SH)

A

sulfhydryl group

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10
Q

2 or more molecules with the same chemical formula but different molecular structures

A

isomers

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11
Q

molecules that are mirror images of one another

A

stereoisomers

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12
Q

2 molecules with the same chemical formula but atoms that are arranged in different ways

A

structural isomers

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13
Q

reaction during which the components of a water molecule are removed, usually as part of the assembly of a larger molecule from smaller subunits

A

condensation reaction or dehydration synthesis reaction

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14
Q

reaction in which the components of a water molecule are added to functional groups as molecules are broken into smaller subunits

A

hydrolysis

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15
Q

a molecule assembled from subunit molecules called monomers into a chain by covalent bonds

A

polymer

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16
Q

the process of assembly of a polymer from monomers(reactions are dehydration synthesis reactions)

A

polymerization

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17
Q

a storage polysaccharide in plants consisting of branched or unbranched chains of glucose subunits

A

starch

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18
Q

energy-providing carbohydrates stored in animal cells

A

glycogen

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19
Q

one of the primary constituents of plant cell walls, formed by chains of carbohydrate subunits

A

cellulose

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20
Q

the smallest carbohydrates containing 3 to 7 carbon atoms

A

monosaccharides

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21
Q

an enzyme that splits disaccharides (2 sugar molecules joined together) into individual monosaccharides (single sugar molecules)

A

disaccharide

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22
Q

chain with more than 10 linked monosaccharide subunits

A

polysaccharides

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23
Q

bond formed by the linkage of 2 alpha-glucose molecules with oxygen as a bridge between a carbon of the first glucose unit and a carbon of the second glucose unit

A

glycosidic bonds

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24
Q

a diverse group of water-insoluble, primarily nonpolar biological molecules composed mostly of hydrocarbons

A

lipids

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25
Q

energy-storing molecules consisting of a glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acid chains

A

neutral lipids

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26
Q

neutral lipid that is liquid at biological temperatures

A

oils

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27
Q

neutral lipid that is semisolid at biological temperatures

A

fats

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28
Q

a nonpolar compound produced when a fatty acid binds by a dehydration synthesis reaction at each of glycerols 3–OH- bearing sites

A

triglyceride

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29
Q

one of 2 components of a neutral lipid, containing single hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group link at one end

A

fatty acid

30
Q

a covalent bond formed between a carboxyl group and a hydroxyl group

A

ester linkage

31
Q

fatty acid with only single bonds liking the carbon atoms

A

saturated

32
Q

fatty acids with one double bond

A

monounsaturated

33
Q

fatty acids with more than one double bonds

A

polyunsaturated

34
Q

a phosphate-containing lipid

A

phospholipids

35
Q

a type of lipid derived form cholesterol

A

steriods

36
Q

steroid with a single polar -OH group linked to one end of the ring framework and a complex, nonpolar hydrocarbon chain at the other end

A

sterols

37
Q

the predominant sterol of animal cell membranes

A

cholesterol

38
Q

a sterol that occurs in plant cell membranes

A

phytosterols

39
Q

protein that accelerates the rate of cellular reaction

A

enzymes

40
Q

a molecule that contains both an amino and a carboxyl group

A

amino acid

41
Q

a link formed by a dehydration synthesis reaction between the -NH2 group of one amino acid and the -COOH group of a second

A

peptide bond

42
Q

The end of a polypeptide chain with an -NH3+ group

A

N-terminal end

43
Q

the end of an amino acid chain with a -COO- group

A

C-terminal end

44
Q

the chain of amino acids formed by sequential peptide bonds

A

polypeptide

45
Q

the sequence of amino acids in a protein

A

primary structure

46
Q

regions of alpha helix, beta strand, or random coil in a polypeptide chain

A

secondary structure

47
Q

the overall three-dimensional folding of a polypeptide chain

A

tertiary structure

48
Q

the arrangement of polypeptide chains in a protein that contains more than one chain

A

quaternary structure

49
Q

a type of secondary structure of a polypeptide in which the amino acid chain is twisted into a regular, right-hand spiral

A

alpha helix

50
Q

a type of primary structure in a polypeptide in which the amino acid chain zigzag in a flat plane to form a beta strand, and beta strands then align side by side in the same or opposite direction

A

beta sheet

51
Q

the overall 3D shape of protein

A

conformation

52
Q

a loss of both the structure and function of a protein due to extreme conditions that unfold it form its normal conformation

A

denaturation

53
Q

the reformation of a denatured protein into its folded, functional state

A

renaturation

54
Q

“guide” protein that binds temporarily with newly synthesized proteins, directing their conformation toward the correct tertiary structure and inhibiting incorrect arrangements as the new proteins fold

A

chaperone protein

55
Q

alternation in the 3D shape of a protein

A

conformational change

56
Q

in protein structure, a distinct, large structural subdivision produced in many proteins by the folding of the amino acid chains. in systematics, the highest taxonomic category; a group of cellular organisms with characteristics that set it apart as a major branch of the evolutionary tree

A

domains

57
Q

a highly specialized region in a protein produced by 3D arrangement of amino acid chains within and between domains

A

motifs

58
Q

the large, double stranded, helical molecule that contains the genetic material of all living organisms

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

59
Q

a plymer assemble form repeating nucleotide monomers in which the 5-carbon sugar is ribose

A

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

60
Q

the monomer of nucleic acids consisting of 5-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate

A

nucleotide

61
Q

a nitrogen-containing molecule with he properties of a base

A

nitrogenous base

62
Q

a type of nitrogenous base with one carbon-nitrogen ring

A

pyrimidines

63
Q

a type of nitrogenous base with 2 carbon-nitrogen rings

A

purines

64
Q

chemical structure containing only nitrogenous base and a 5-carbon sugar

A

nucleoside

65
Q

5-carbon sugar to which the nitrogenous bases in nucleotides link covalently

A

ribose

66
Q

5-carbon sugar to which nitrogenous base and a phosphate group link covalently in a nucleotide of DNA

A

deoxyribose

67
Q

nucleotide containing ribose as the sugar; components of RNA

A

ribonucleotides

68
Q

the linkage of nucleotides in polynucleotide chains by a bridging phosphate group between 5’ carbon of one sugar and 3’ carbon of the next sugar in line

A

phosphodiester bond

69
Q

2 nucleotide chains wrapped around each other in a spiral

A

double helix

70
Q

molecule based on carbon

A

organic molecules

Biology 107 (16 decks)

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