Chapter 3 Flashcards
molecule without carbon atoms in its structure
inorganic molecules
molecule consisting of carbon liked only to hydrogen aoms
hydrocarbons
the atoms in reactive groups
functional groups
group consisting of an oxygen atom link to a hydrogen atom on one side and to a carbon chain on the other side (-OH)
hydroxyl group
the reactive part of aldehydes and ketones, consisting of an oxygen atom like to a carbon atom by a double bond (>C=O)
carbonyl group
The characteristic functional group of organic acids, formed by the combination of carbonyl and hydroxyl groups (-COOH)
carboxyl group
group that acts as an organic base, consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded on one side to 2 hydrogen atoms and on the other side to a carbon chain (-NH2)
amino group
Group consisting of a central phosphorus atom help in 4 linkages: 2 that bind -OH groups to the central phosphorus atom, a third that binds an oxygen atom to the central phosphorus atom, and a fourth that links the phosphate group to an oxygen atom (-OPO3^2-)
phosphate group
group that works as a molecular fastener, consisting of a sulfur atom liked on one side to a hydrogen atom and on the other side to a carbon atom (-SH)
sulfhydryl group
2 or more molecules with the same chemical formula but different molecular structures
isomers
molecules that are mirror images of one another
stereoisomers
2 molecules with the same chemical formula but atoms that are arranged in different ways
structural isomers
reaction during which the components of a water molecule are removed, usually as part of the assembly of a larger molecule from smaller subunits
condensation reaction or dehydration synthesis reaction
reaction in which the components of a water molecule are added to functional groups as molecules are broken into smaller subunits
hydrolysis
a molecule assembled from subunit molecules called monomers into a chain by covalent bonds
polymer
the process of assembly of a polymer from monomers(reactions are dehydration synthesis reactions)
polymerization
a storage polysaccharide in plants consisting of branched or unbranched chains of glucose subunits
starch
energy-providing carbohydrates stored in animal cells
glycogen
one of the primary constituents of plant cell walls, formed by chains of carbohydrate subunits
cellulose
the smallest carbohydrates containing 3 to 7 carbon atoms
monosaccharides
an enzyme that splits disaccharides (2 sugar molecules joined together) into individual monosaccharides (single sugar molecules)
disaccharide
chain with more than 10 linked monosaccharide subunits
polysaccharides
bond formed by the linkage of 2 alpha-glucose molecules with oxygen as a bridge between a carbon of the first glucose unit and a carbon of the second glucose unit
glycosidic bonds
a diverse group of water-insoluble, primarily nonpolar biological molecules composed mostly of hydrocarbons
lipids
energy-storing molecules consisting of a glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acid chains
neutral lipids
neutral lipid that is liquid at biological temperatures
oils
neutral lipid that is semisolid at biological temperatures
fats
a nonpolar compound produced when a fatty acid binds by a dehydration synthesis reaction at each of glycerols 3–OH- bearing sites
triglyceride
one of 2 components of a neutral lipid, containing single hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group link at one end
fatty acid
a covalent bond formed between a carboxyl group and a hydroxyl group
ester linkage
fatty acid with only single bonds liking the carbon atoms
saturated
fatty acids with one double bond
monounsaturated
fatty acids with more than one double bonds
polyunsaturated
a phosphate-containing lipid
phospholipids
a type of lipid derived form cholesterol
steriods
steroid with a single polar -OH group linked to one end of the ring framework and a complex, nonpolar hydrocarbon chain at the other end
sterols
the predominant sterol of animal cell membranes
cholesterol
a sterol that occurs in plant cell membranes
phytosterols
protein that accelerates the rate of cellular reaction
enzymes
a molecule that contains both an amino and a carboxyl group
amino acid
a link formed by a dehydration synthesis reaction between the -NH2 group of one amino acid and the -COOH group of a second
peptide bond
The end of a polypeptide chain with an -NH3+ group
N-terminal end
the end of an amino acid chain with a -COO- group
C-terminal end
the chain of amino acids formed by sequential peptide bonds
polypeptide
the sequence of amino acids in a protein
primary structure
regions of alpha helix, beta strand, or random coil in a polypeptide chain
secondary structure
the overall three-dimensional folding of a polypeptide chain
tertiary structure
the arrangement of polypeptide chains in a protein that contains more than one chain
quaternary structure
a type of secondary structure of a polypeptide in which the amino acid chain is twisted into a regular, right-hand spiral
alpha helix
a type of primary structure in a polypeptide in which the amino acid chain zigzag in a flat plane to form a beta strand, and beta strands then align side by side in the same or opposite direction
beta sheet
the overall 3D shape of protein
conformation
a loss of both the structure and function of a protein due to extreme conditions that unfold it form its normal conformation
denaturation
the reformation of a denatured protein into its folded, functional state
renaturation
“guide” protein that binds temporarily with newly synthesized proteins, directing their conformation toward the correct tertiary structure and inhibiting incorrect arrangements as the new proteins fold
chaperone protein
alternation in the 3D shape of a protein
conformational change
in protein structure, a distinct, large structural subdivision produced in many proteins by the folding of the amino acid chains. in systematics, the highest taxonomic category; a group of cellular organisms with characteristics that set it apart as a major branch of the evolutionary tree
domains
a highly specialized region in a protein produced by 3D arrangement of amino acid chains within and between domains
motifs
the large, double stranded, helical molecule that contains the genetic material of all living organisms
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
a plymer assemble form repeating nucleotide monomers in which the 5-carbon sugar is ribose
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
the monomer of nucleic acids consisting of 5-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate
nucleotide
a nitrogen-containing molecule with he properties of a base
nitrogenous base
a type of nitrogenous base with one carbon-nitrogen ring
pyrimidines
a type of nitrogenous base with 2 carbon-nitrogen rings
purines
chemical structure containing only nitrogenous base and a 5-carbon sugar
nucleoside
5-carbon sugar to which the nitrogenous bases in nucleotides link covalently
ribose
5-carbon sugar to which nitrogenous base and a phosphate group link covalently in a nucleotide of DNA
deoxyribose
nucleotide containing ribose as the sugar; components of RNA
ribonucleotides
the linkage of nucleotides in polynucleotide chains by a bridging phosphate group between 5’ carbon of one sugar and 3’ carbon of the next sugar in line
phosphodiester bond
2 nucleotide chains wrapped around each other in a spiral
double helix
molecule based on carbon
organic molecules
