Chapter 10 Flashcards
the sequence of events during which a cell experiences a period of growth followed by nuclear division and cytokinesis
cell cycle
nuclear division that produces daughter nuclei that are exact genetic copies of the parental nucleus
mitosis
the division of diploid cells to haploid progeny, consisting of 2 sequential rounds of nuclear and cellular division
meiosis
in eukaryotic cells, a linear structure composed of a single DNA molecule complexed with protein. each eukaryotic species has a characteristic number in the nucleus. most prokaryotes have a single, usually circular with few or no associated proteins
chromosomes
an organism or cell with 2 copies of each type of chromosomes in its nucleus
diploid
the 2 chromosomes of each pair in a diploid cell-one of the pair derives from the maternal parent and the other derives from the paternal parent. they have the same genes in the same order, in their DNA
homologous chromosomes
an organism or cell with only one copy of each type of chromosome in its nuclei
haploid
number of chromosomes sets of a cell or species
ploidy
one of 2 exact copies of a chromosome duplicated during replication
sister chromatids
equal distribution of daughter chromosomes to each of the 2 cells that result from cell division
chromosome segregation
an individual genetically identically identical to an original cell from which it descended
clones
living cells growing in a growth medium in a laboratory vessel
cell cultures
first stage of mitotic cell cycle, during which the cell grows and replicates its DNA before undergoing mitosis and cytokinesis
interphase
initial growth stage of the cell cycle in eukaryotes, during which the cell makes proteins and other types of cellular molecules, but not nuclear DNA
G1 phase
phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle during which DNA replication occurs
S phase
phase of the cell cycle in eukaryotes during which the cell continues to synthesize proteins and to grow, completing interphase
G2 phase
phase of the cell cycle in eukaryotes in which many cell type stop dividing
G0 phase
beginning phase of mitosis during which the duplicated chromosomes within nucleus condense from a greatly extended state into compact, rodlike structures
prophase
transition period between prophase and metaphase during which the microtubules of the mitotic spindle attach to the kinetochores and the chromosomes shuffle until they align in the center of the cell
prometaphase
phase of mitosis during which the spindle reaches its final form and the spindle microtubules move the chromosomes into alignment at the spindle midpoint
metaphase
phase of mitosis during which the spindle separates sister chromatids and pulls them to opposite spindle pole
anaphase
final phase of mitosis during which the spindle disassembles, the chromosomes decondense and the nuclei reform
telophase
structure that separates sister chromatids and moves them to opposite spindle poles
spindle
one of the pair of centrosomes in a cell undergoing mitosis from which bundles of microtubules radiate tom part of the spindle form that pole
spindle poles
one of 2 exact copies of a chromosome duplicated during replication
sister chromatids adhesions
specialized structure consisting of proteins attached to a centromere that mediates the attachment and movement of chromosomes along the mitotic spindle
kinetochore
specialized chromosomal region that connects sister chromatids and attaches them to the mitotic spindle
centromere
characteristic of a species consisting of the shapes and sizes of all the chromosomes at metaphase
karyotype
in cytokinesis, a groove that girdles the cell and gradually deepens until it cuts that cytoplasm into 2 parts
furrow
in cytokinesis in plants, a new cell wall forms between the daughter nuclei and grows laterally until it divides the cytoplasm
cell plate
any mode of reproduction in which a single individual gives rise to offspring without fusion of gametes; that is, without genetic input from another individual
asexual reproduction
main microtubules organizing center of cell which organizes the microtubule cytoskeleton during interphase and positions many of cytoplasmic organelles
centrosome
an anchoring point near the center of a eukaryotic cell from which most microtubules extend outward
microtubule organizing center (MTOC)
a cylindrical structure consisting of 9 triplets of microtubules in the centrosomes of most animal cells
centrioles
radiating array produced as microtubules extending from the centrosomes of cells grow in length and extent
asters
division of the cytoplasm into 2 daughter cells following nuclear division in mitosis or meiosis
cytokinesis
