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Biology 107 > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

a specific heritable attribute or property of an organism

A

character

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2
Q

one of the forms of a genetic character

A

traits

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3
Q

alternative forms of characters

A

character differences

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4
Q

fertilization in which sperm nuclei in pollen fertilize egg cells of the same

A

self-fertilization

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5
Q

fertilization of one plant by a different plant

A

cross-fertilization/cross-pollination

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6
Q

individual that passes traits without change from one generation to the next

A

true-breeding

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7
Q

a genetic cross in which the 2 parents are switched with respect to which trait is associated with each sex

A

reciprocal cross

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8
Q

the parental individuals used in an initial genetic cross

A

P generation

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9
Q

first generation of offspring from a genetic cross

A

F1 generation

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10
Q

second generation of offspring from a genetic cross produced by interbreeding F1 individual

A

F2 generation

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11
Q

one of 2 or more versions of a gene

A

alleles

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12
Q

the masking effect of one allele over another

A

dominance

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13
Q

mendel’s principle that the pairs of alleles that control a character segregate as gametes are formed with half the gametes carrying one allele, and the other half carrying the other allele

A

principle of segregation

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14
Q

an individual with 2 copies of same allele

A

homozygote

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15
Q

state of possessing 2 copies of the same allele

A

homozygous

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16
Q

an individual with 2 different alleles of a gene

A

heterozygote

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17
Q

state of possessing 2 different alleles of a gene

A

heterozygous

18
Q

an F1 heterozygote produced from a genetic cross involves a single character

A

monohybrid

19
Q

a genetic cross between 2 individuals that are each heterozygous for the same pair of alleles

A

monohybrid cross

20
Q

the genetic constitution of an organism in terms of its genes and alleles

A

genotype

21
Q

the observable or measurable characteristics of an organism that are produced by an interaction between the genotype and the environment

A

phenotype

22
Q

the possibility that an outcome will occur if it is a mater of chance

A

probability

23
Q

mathematical rule in which the final probability is found by multiplying individual probabilities

A

product rule

24
Q

mathematical rule in which final probability by summing individual probabilities

A

sum rule

25
Q

method for determining the genotype and phenotype of offspring and their expected proportions by combining gametes and their probabilities of occurrence in a matrix table

A

punnett square

26
Q

a genetic cross between an individual with the dominant phenotype and a homozygous recessive individual

A

testcross

27
Q

a zygote produced from a cross that involves 2 characters

A

dihybrid

28
Q

a cross between 2 individuals that are heterozygous for 2 pairs of alleles

A

dihybrid cross

29
Q

Mendel’s principle that the alleles of the genes that govern 2 characters assort independently during formation of gametes. mechanistically this is the case because any combination of chromosomes may be segregated to the spindle poles during meiosis I

A

independent assortment

30
Q

Mendel’s principle that the alleles of the genes that govern 2 characters assort independently during formation of gametes

A

Principle of Independent Assortment

31
Q

the principle that genes and their alleles are carried on the chromosomes

A

chromosome theory of inheritance

32
Q

the particular site on a chromosome at which a gene is located

A

locus

33
Q

condition in which the effects of recessive alleles can be detected to some extent in heterozygotes

A

incomplete dominance

34
Q

condition in which alleles have approximately equal effects in individuals making the alleles equally detectable in heterozygotes

A

codominance

35
Q

more than 2 different alleles of a gene

A

multiple alleles

36
Q

interaction of genes with one or more alleles of a gene at one locus inhibiting or masking the effects of one or more alleles of a gene at a different locus

A

epistasis

37
Q

inheritance in which several to many different genes contribute to the same character

A

polygenic inheritance

38
Q

a character that displays a continuous distribution of the phenotype involved typically resulting from several to many contributing genes

A

quantitative traits

39
Q

the individual genes that contribute to a quantitative trait

A

quantitative trait loci

40
Q

condition in which single genes affect more than one character of an organism

A

pleitropy

41
Q

theory suggesting that hereditary traits blend evenly in offspring through mixing of the blood of 2 parents

A

blending theory of inheritance

Biology 107 (16 decks)

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