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Biology 107 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

anything that occupies space and has mass

A

Matter

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2
Q

An element that occurs in organisms in very small quantities (less than 0.01%); in nutrition, a mineral required by organisms only in small amounts

A

Trace Elements

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3
Q

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Calcium, Phosphorus, Sulfur, Sodium, Chloride, Magnesium, Potassium

A

Common Elements

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4
Q

The smallest unit that retains the chemical and physical properties of an element

A

Atoms

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5
Q

A unit composed of atoms combined chemically in fixed numbers and ratios

A

molecules

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6
Q

The name of a molecule written in chemical shorthand

A

formula

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7
Q

A molecule whose component atoms are different

A

compounds

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8
Q

The nucleus of an atom containing protons and neutrons

A

Atomic nucleus

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9
Q

negatively charged particle outside the nucleus of an atom

A

electrons

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10
Q

positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom

A

protons

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11
Q

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

A

atomic number

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12
Q

uncharged particle in the nucleus of an atom

A

neutrons

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13
Q

a distinct form of the atom of an element with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

A

isotopes

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14
Q

A standard unit of mass about 1.66x10^-24 grams

A

Dalton (Da)

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15
Q

The total number of protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus

A

mass number

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16
Q

The amount of mater in an object

A

mass

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17
Q

a measure of the pull of gravity on an object

A

weight

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18
Q

the giving off of particles of matter and energy by decaying nuclei

A

radioactivity

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19
Q

an unstable, radioactive isotope

A

radioisotope

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20
Q

isotope used to label molecules so that they can be tracked as they pass through biochemical reactions

A

tracers

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21
Q

the region of space where the electron “lives” most of the time

A

orbital

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22
Q

regions of space within an atom where electrons are found

A

energy levels or shells

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23
Q

an electron in the outermost energy level of an atom

A

valence electrons

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24
Q

link formed when the atoms of reactive elements combine into molecules

A

chemical bonds

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25
Q

bond that results from electrical attractions between atoms that have lost or gained electrons
Na + Cl = NaCl
1. exert attractive force over great distance 2. attractive force extends in all directions 3.vary in strength depending on the presence of other charged substances

A

ionic bond

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26
Q

a positively or negatively charged atom

A

ions

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27
Q

a positively charged ion

A

cation

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28
Q

a negatively charged ion

A

anion

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29
Q

bond formed by electrons sharing between atoms

A

covalent bonds

30
Q

the measure of an atom’s attraction for the electrons it shares in a chemical bond with another atom

A

electronegativity

31
Q

bond in which electrons are shared equally

A

nonpolar covalent bond

32
Q

bond in which electrons are shared unequally

A

polar covalent bonds

33
Q

association that occurs when polar molecules attract and align themselves with other polar molecules and with charged ions and molecules

A

polar associations

34
Q

associations that occurs when nonpolar molecules clump together

A

nonpolar associations

35
Q

in chemistry and biology, referring to polar molecules that associate readily with water

A

hydrophilic

36
Q

in chemistry and biology, referring to nonpolar substances that are excluded by water and other polar molecules

A

hydrophobic

37
Q

noncovalent bond formed by unequal electron sharing between hydrogen atoms and oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur atoms

A

hydrogen bond

38
Q

BETWEEN atoms in the SAME molecule

A

intramolecular

39
Q

BETWEEN atoms in DIFFERENT molecules

A

intermolecular

40
Q

weak molecular attractions over short distances

A

Van der Waals forces

41
Q

a reaction that occurs when atoms or molecules interact to form new chemical bonds or break old ones

A

chemical reactions

42
Q

the atoms or molecules entering a chemical reaction

A

reactants

43
Q

an atom or molecule leaving a chemical reaction

A

product

44
Q

a chemical reaction written in balanced form

A

chemical equations

45
Q

an arrangement formed when a water molecule in liquid water establishes an average of 3.4 hydrogen bonds with its neighbors

A

water lattice

46
Q

a rigid, crystalline structure formed when a water molecule in ice forms 4 hydrogen bonds with neighboring molecules

A

ice lattice

47
Q

the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of a given quantity of water

A

specific heat

48
Q

the amount of heat required to raise 1 g of water by 1 degree C

A

calories (cal)

49
Q

the heat required to give water molecules enough energy of motion to break loose from liquid water form a gas

A

heat of vaporization

50
Q

the high resistance of water molecules to separation

A

cohesion

51
Q

the adherence of molecules to the walls of conducting tubes, as in plants

A

adhesion

52
Q

the force that places surface water molecules under tension, making them more resistant to separation than the underlying water molecules

A

surface tension

53
Q

a membrane with 2 molecular layers

A

bilayer

54
Q

a surface coat of water molecules that covers other polar and charged molecules and ions

A

hydration layer

55
Q

substance formed when molecules and ions separate and are suspended individually, surrounded by water molecules

A

solution

56
Q

the water in a solution in which the hydration layer prevents polar molecules or ions from reassociating

A

solvent

57
Q

the molecules of a substance dissolved in water

A

solute

58
Q

the number of molecules or ions of a substance in a unit volume of space

A

concentration

59
Q

the weight of an element in grams equal to the mass number

A

atomic weight

60
Q

6.022x10^23

derived by dividing the atomic weight of any element by the weight of an atom of that element

A

avogadro’s number

61
Q

the weight of a molecule in grams, equal to the total mass number ofits atoms

A

molecular weight

62
Q

amount of substance that contains as many atoms or molecules as there are atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon-12, which is Avogadro’s number

A

mole (mol)

63
Q

The number of moles of a substance dissolved in 1 L of solution

A

molarity (M)

64
Q

the separation of water to produce hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions

A

dissociate

65
Q

the term indicating that a reaction may go from left to right or from right to left, depending on conditions

A

reversible

66
Q

proton donor that releases H+ (and anions) when dissolved in water

A

acids

67
Q

Proton acceptor that reduces the H+ concentration of a solution

A

base

68
Q

the concentration of H+ in a water solution, as compared with the concentration of OH-

A

acidity

69
Q

the numerical scale used by scientists to measure acidity

A

pH scale

70
Q

rainfall with low pH 3, primarily created when gaseous sulfur dioxide(SO2) dissolves in water vapor in the atmosphere, forming sulfuric acid

A

acid precipitation

71
Q

substance that compensates for pH changes by absorbing or releasing H+

A

buffers

72
Q

A pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical or physical techniques

A

Element

Biology 107 (16 decks)

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