Chapter 4

Question 1

energy of motion

Answer 1

kinetic energy

Question 2

stored energy

Answer 2

potential energy

Question 3

the study of energy flow during chemical and physical reactions

Answer 3

thermodynamics

Question 4

energy can be transformed from one form to another or transferred from one place to another, but it cannot be created or destroys. in any process that involves an energy change the total amount of energy in a system and its surroundings remains constant

Answer 4

first law of thermodynamics

Question 5

the total disorder of a system and its surroundings always increases

Answer 5

second law of thermodynamics

Question 6

disorder

Answer 6

entropy

Question 7

chemical or physical reaction that occur without outside help

Answer 7

spontaneous reaction

Question 8

the potential energy in a system

Answer 8

enthalpy

Question 9

a reaction in which the products have less potential energy than the reactants; reaction that releases energy

Answer 9

exothermic

Question 10

a reaction in which the products have more potential ennergy than the reactants

Answer 10

endothermic

Question 11

the energy in a system that is available to do work

Answer 11

free energy

Question 12

reaction that has a negative delta G because it releases free energy

Answer 12

exergonic reaction

Question 13

reaction that can proceed only if free energy is supplied

Answer 13

endergonic reaction

Question 14

a metabolic pathway in which energy is released by the breakdown of complex molecules to simpler compounds. an individual reaction is a catabolic reaction

Answer 14

catabolic pathway

Question 15

cellular reaction that breaks down complex molecules such as sugar to make their energy available for cellular work

Answer 15

catabolic reaction

Question 16

a metabolic pathway in which energy is used to build complicated molecules form simpler ones; biosynthetic pathway; an individual reaction is an anabolic reaction; biosynthetic reaction

Answer 16

anabolic pathway

Question 17

metabolic reaction that requires energy to assemble simple substance into more complex molecules

Answer 17

anabolic reaction

Question 18

the process in living cells by which the hydrolysis of ATP is coupled to an endergonic reaction so that energy is not wasted as heat

Answer 18

energy coupling

Question 19

the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule

Answer 19

phosphorylation

Question 20

the continual hydrolysis and resynthesis of ATP in living cells

Answer 20

ATP/ADP cycle

Question 21

the initial input of energy required to start a reaction

Answer 21

activation energy

Question 22

protein that accelerates the rate of a cellular reaction

Answer 22

enzymes

Question 23

the process of accelerating a chemical reaction with a catalyst

Answer 23

catalysis

Question 24

substance with the ability to accelerate a spontaneous reaction without being changed by the reaction

Answer 24

catalyst

Question 25

the particular reacting molecule or molecular group that an enzyme catalyzes

Answer 25

substrate

Question 26

the ability of an enzyme to catalyze the reaction of only a single type of molecule or group of closely related molecules

Answer 26

enzyme specificity

Question 27

the region of an enzyme to which substrate bind and where catalysis occurs

Answer 27

active site

Question 28

an inorganic or organic nonprotein group that is necessary for catalysis to take place

Answer 28

cofactor

Question 29

organic cofactors that include complex chemical groups of various kinds

Answer 29

coenzymes

Question 30

inhibition of an enzyme reaction by an inhibitor molecule that resembles the normal substrate closely enough so that it fits into the active site of the enzyme

Answer 30

competitive inhibition

Question 31

inhibition of an enzyme reaction by an inhibitor molecule that binds to the enzyme at a site other than the active site and, therefore, does not compete directly with the substrate for binding to the activesite

Answer 31

noncompetitive inhibition

Question 32

specialized control mechanism for enzymes with an allosteric site, a regulatory site outside the active site, that may either slow or accelerate activity depending on the enzyme

Answer 32

allosteric regulation

Question 33

a regulatory site outside the active site

Answer 33

allosteric site

Question 34

molecule that converts an enzyme with an allosteric site, a regulatory site outside the active site, from the inactive form to the active form

Answer 34

allosteric activator

Question 35

molecule that converts an enzyme with an allosteric site, a regulatory site outside the active site, from the active form to the inactive form

Answer 35

allosteric inhibitor

Question 36

in enzyme reactions, regulation in which the product of a reaction acts as a regulator of the reaction

Answer 36

feedback inhibition/end-product inhibition

Question 37

the RNA-based catalyst that is part of the biochemical machinery of all cells

Answer 37

ribozymes

Question 38

the biochemical reactions that allow a cell or organism to extract energy from its surroundings and use that energy to maintain itself grow and reproduce

Answer 38

metabolism