Chapter 5

Question 1

technique for producing visible images of objects that are too small to be seen by the human eye

Answer 1

microscopy

Question 2

instrument of microscopy with different magnifications and resolutions of specimens

Answer 2

microscope

Question 3

microscope that uses light to illuminate the specimen

Answer 3

light microscopes

Question 4

microscope that uses electrons to illuminate the specimen

Answer 4

electron microscopes

Question 5

the ration of an object as viewed to its real size

Answer 5

magnification

Question 6

the minimum distance 2 points in a specimen can be separated and still be seen as 2 points

Answer 6

resolution

Question 7

the outer limit of the cytoplasm responsible for the regulation of substances moving into and out of cells

Answer 7

plasma membrane

Question 8

all the parts of the cell that surround the central nucleus (eukaryotes) or nucleoid region (prokaryotes)

Answer 8

cytoplasm

Question 9

the nucleus and other specialized internal structures and compartments of eukaryotic cells
-“little organs”

Answer 9

organelles

Question 10

aqueous solution in the cytoplasm containing ions and various organic molecules

Answer 10

cytosol

Question 11

the interconnected system of protein fibers and tubes that extend throughout the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell

Answer 11

cytoskeleton

Question 12

organism in which the DNA is suspended in the cell interior without separation from other cellular components by a discrete membrane

Answer 12

prokaryotes

Question 13

the central region of a prokaryotic cell with no boundary membrane separating it from the cytoplasm, where DNA replicates and RNA transcription occur

Answer 13

nucleoid

Question 14

organisms in which the DNA is enclosed in a nucleus

Answer 14

eukaryotes

Question 15

the central region of eukaryotic cells, separated by membranes from the surrounding cytoplasm, where DNA replication and messenger RNA transcription occur. it is a concentration of nerve cells within the central nervous system that have related functions

Answer 15

nucleus

Question 16

what is the plasma membrane, and what are its main functions?

Answer 16

the plasma membrane is a bilayer of lipid and suspended protein molecules that bounds the cytoplasm of a cell. The lipid bilayer is hydrophobic; therefore, it is a barrier to the passage of water-soluble substances. The membrane has protein channels through which selected water-soluble substances are able to pass

Question 17

The genetic material of prokaryotes in most cases a single, circular DNA molecule

Answer 17

prokaryotic chromosome

Question 18

a ribonucleoprotein particle that carries out protein synthesis by translating mRNA into chains of amino acids

Answer 18

ribosomes

Question 19

a rigid external layer of material surrounding the plasma membrane of cells in plants, fungi, bacteria, and some protists, providing cell protection and support

Answer 19

cell wall

Question 20

A carbohydrate coat covering the cell surface

Answer 20

glycocalyx

Question 21

a coat typically composed of polysaccharides that is loosely associated with bacterial cells

Answer 21

slime layer

Question 22

an external layer of sticky or slimy polysaccharides coating the cell wall in many prokaryotes

Answer 22

capsule

Question 23

a long threadlike cellular appendage responsible for movement; found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes but with different structures and modes of locomotion

Answer 23

flagella

Question 24

a hair or hairlike appendage on the surface of a prokaryote

Answer 24

pili

Question 25

in eukaryotes, membranes separating the nucleus from the cytoplasm

Answer 25

nuclear envelope

Question 26

a large octagonally symmetrical cylindrical structure that functions to exchange molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm and prevents the transport of material not meant to cross the nuclear membrane. a nuclear pore- a channel through the complex- is the path for the exchange of molecules

Answer 26

nuclear pore complex

Question 27

a short amino acid sequence in a protein that directs the protein to the nucleus

Answer 27

nuclear localization signal

Question 28

the liquid or semiliquid substance within the nucleus

Answer 28

nucleplasm

Question 29

an assemblage of eukaryotic nuclear DNA molecules and their associated proteins

Answer 29

chromatin

Question 30

a DNA molecule, with its associated proteins, in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell

Answer 30

eukaryotic chromosome

Question 31

the nuclear site of rRNA transcription, processing, and ribosome assembly in eukaryotes

Answer 31

nucleoli

Question 32

in eukaryotes, a collection of interrelated internal membranous sacs that divide a cell into functional and structural compartments

Answer 32

endomembrane system

Question 33

1) all organisms are composed of 1 or more cells 2) cell is basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms 3) cell arise only from the division of preexisting cells

Answer 33

cell theory

Question 34

a small, membrane-bound compartment that transfersx substances between parts of the endomembrane system

Answer 34

vesicles

Question 35

in eukaryotes, an extensive interconnected network of cisternae that is responsible for the synthesis transport, and initial modification of proteins and lipids

Answer 35

endoplasmic reticulum

Question 36

membranous channels and vesicles that make up the endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 36

cisternae

Question 37

ER lumen

Answer 37

the enclosed space surrounded by a cisterna

Question 38

endoplasmic reticulum with many ribosomes studding its outer surface

Answer 38

rough ER

Question 39

endoplasmic reticulum with no ribosomes attached to its membrane surfaces. has various functions, including synthesis of lipid that becomes part of cell membranes

Answer 39

smooth ER

Question 40

in eukaryotes, the organelle responsible for the final modification, sorting, and distribution of proteins and lipids

Answer 40

golgi complex

Question 41

vesicle that transports proteins to the plasma membrane

Answer 41

secretory vesicles

Question 42

in eukaryotes, the process by which a secretory vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and releases the vesicle contents to the exterior

Answer 42

exocytosis

Question 43

in eukaryotes, the process by which molecules are brought into the cell from the exterior involving a bulging in of the plasma membrane that pinches off to form an endocytic vesicle

Answer 43

enocytosis

Question 44

vesicle that carries proteins and other molecules from the plasma membrane to destinations within the cell

Answer 44

endocytic vesicle

Question 45

membrane-bound vesicle containing hydrolytic enzymes for the digestion of many complex molecules

Answer 45

lysosomes

Question 46

process in which some types of cells engulf bacteria or other cellular debris to break them down

Answer 46

phagocytosis

Question 47

membrane-bound organelle responsible for synthesis of most of the ATP in eukaryotic cells

Answer 47

mitochondria

Question 48

the smooth membrane covering the outside of a mitochondrion

Answer 48

outer mitochondrial membrane

Question 49

membrane surrounding the mitochondrial matrix

Answer 49

inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 50

the innermost compartment of the mitochondrion

Answer 50

mitochondrial matrix

Question 51

fold that expands the surface area of the inner mitochondrial membrane

Answer 51

crista

Question 52

small, membrane-bound organelle that carries out vital reactions linking metabolic pathways

Answer 52

microbodies

Question 53

microbody that produces hydrogen peroxide as a by-product

Answer 53

peroxisomes

Question 54

a cytoskeletal component formed by the polymerization of tubulin into rigid, hollow rods about 25 nm in diameter

Answer 54

microtubules

Question 55

the main microtubule organizing center of a cell, which organizes the microtubule cytoskeleton during interphase and positions many of the cytoplasmic organelles

Answer 55

centrosome

Question 56

a cylindrical structure consisting of 9 triplets of microtubules in the centrosomes of most animal cells

Answer 56

centrioles

Question 57

a cytoskeletal filament about 10 nm in diameter that provides mechanical strength to cells in tissues

Answer 57

intermediate filaments

Question 58

a cytoskeletal filament of actin

Answer 58

microfilaments

Question 59

structure that anchors cilia and flagella to the surface of a cell

Answer 59

basal body

Question 60

the site of photosynthesis in plant cells

Answer 60

chloroplasts

Question 61

a family of plant organelles that includes chloroplasts, amyloplasts, and chromoplasts

Answer 61

plastids

Question 62

colorless plastid that stores starch in plants

Answer 62

amyloplasts

Question 63

plastid containing red and yellow pigments

Answer 63

chromoplasts

Question 64

a smooth membrane that surrounds a chloroplast, enclosing the stroma

Answer 64

outer boundary membrane

Question 65

membrane lying just inside the outer boundary membrane of a chloroplast, enclosing the stroma

Answer 65

inner boundary membrane

Question 66

structure in the chloroplasts of higher plants formed by thylakoids stacked one on top of another

Answer 66

grana

Question 67

a large, water-filled organelle in plant cells that maintains the turgor of the cell and controls movement of molecules between the cytosol and sap

Answer 67

central vacuoles

Question 68

The membrane that surrounds the central vacuole in a plant cell

Answer 68

tonoplast

Question 69

the initial cell wall laid down by a plant cell

Answer 69

primary cell wall

Question 70

a layer added to the cell wall of plants that is more rigid and may become many times thicker than the primary cell wall

Answer 70

secondary cell wall

Question 71

layer of gel-like polysaccharides that holds together walls of adjacent plant cells

Answer 71

middle lamella

Question 72

a minute channel that perforates a cell wall and contains extensions of the cytoplasm that directly connect adjacent plant cells

Answer 72

plasmodesmata

Question 73

a cell surface protein responsible for selectively binding cells together

Answer 73

cell adhesion molecules

Question 74

junction that seals the spaces between cells and provides direct communication between cells

Answer 74

cell junctions

Question 75

cell junction that forms belts that run entirely around cells, "welding" adjacent cells together

Answer 75

anchoring junction

Question 76

anchoring junction for which microfilaments anchor the junction in hte underlying cytoplasm

Answer 76

desmosomes

Question 77

animal cell junction in which intermediate filaments are hte anchoring cytoskeletal component

Answer 77

adherens junctions

Question 78

region of tight connection between membranes of adjacent cells

Answer 78

tight junctions

Question 79

junction that opens direct channels allowing ions and small molecules to pass directly from one cell to another

Answer 79

gap junctions