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Biology 107 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

technique for producing visible images of objects that are too small to be seen by the human eye

A

microscopy

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2
Q

instrument of microscopy with different magnifications and resolutions of specimens

A

microscope

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3
Q

microscope that uses light to illuminate the specimen

A

light microscopes

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4
Q

microscope that uses electrons to illuminate the specimen

A

electron microscopes

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5
Q

the ration of an object as viewed to its real size

A

magnification

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6
Q

the minimum distance 2 points in a specimen can be separated and still be seen as 2 points

A

resolution

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7
Q

the outer limit of the cytoplasm responsible for the regulation of substances moving into and out of cells

A

plasma membrane

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8
Q

all the parts of the cell that surround the central nucleus (eukaryotes) or nucleoid region (prokaryotes)

A

cytoplasm

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9
Q

the nucleus and other specialized internal structures and compartments of eukaryotic cells
-“little organs”

A

organelles

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10
Q

aqueous solution in the cytoplasm containing ions and various organic molecules

A

cytosol

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11
Q

the interconnected system of protein fibers and tubes that extend throughout the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell

A

cytoskeleton

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12
Q

organism in which the DNA is suspended in the cell interior without separation from other cellular components by a discrete membrane

A

prokaryotes

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13
Q

the central region of a prokaryotic cell with no boundary membrane separating it from the cytoplasm, where DNA replicates and RNA transcription occur

A

nucleoid

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14
Q

organisms in which the DNA is enclosed in a nucleus

A

eukaryotes

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15
Q

the central region of eukaryotic cells, separated by membranes from the surrounding cytoplasm, where DNA replication and messenger RNA transcription occur. it is a concentration of nerve cells within the central nervous system that have related functions

A

nucleus

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16
Q

what is the plasma membrane, and what are its main functions?

A

the plasma membrane is a bilayer of lipid and suspended protein molecules that bounds the cytoplasm of a cell. The lipid bilayer is hydrophobic; therefore, it is a barrier to the passage of water-soluble substances. The membrane has protein channels through which selected water-soluble substances are able to pass

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17
Q

The genetic material of prokaryotes in most cases a single, circular DNA molecule

A

prokaryotic chromosome

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18
Q

a ribonucleoprotein particle that carries out protein synthesis by translating mRNA into chains of amino acids

A

ribosomes

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19
Q

a rigid external layer of material surrounding the plasma membrane of cells in plants, fungi, bacteria, and some protists, providing cell protection and support

A

cell wall

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20
Q

A carbohydrate coat covering the cell surface

A

glycocalyx

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21
Q

a coat typically composed of polysaccharides that is loosely associated with bacterial cells

A

slime layer

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22
Q

an external layer of sticky or slimy polysaccharides coating the cell wall in many prokaryotes

A

capsule

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23
Q

a long threadlike cellular appendage responsible for movement; found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes but with different structures and modes of locomotion

A

flagella

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24
Q

a hair or hairlike appendage on the surface of a prokaryote

A

pili

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25
Q

in eukaryotes, membranes separating the nucleus from the cytoplasm

A

nuclear envelope

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26
Q

a large octagonally symmetrical cylindrical structure that functions to exchange molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm and prevents the transport of material not meant to cross the nuclear membrane. a nuclear pore- a channel through the complex- is the path for the exchange of molecules

A

nuclear pore complex

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27
Q

a short amino acid sequence in a protein that directs the protein to the nucleus

A

nuclear localization signal

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28
Q

the liquid or semiliquid substance within the nucleus

A

nucleplasm

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29
Q

an assemblage of eukaryotic nuclear DNA molecules and their associated proteins

A

chromatin

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30
Q

a DNA molecule, with its associated proteins, in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell

A

eukaryotic chromosome

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31
Q

the nuclear site of rRNA transcription, processing, and ribosome assembly in eukaryotes

A

nucleoli

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32
Q

in eukaryotes, a collection of interrelated internal membranous sacs that divide a cell into functional and structural compartments

A

endomembrane system

33
Q

1) all organisms are composed of 1 or more cells
2) cell is basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms
3) cell arise only from the division of preexisting cells

A

cell theory

34
Q

a small, membrane-bound compartment that transfersx substances between parts of the endomembrane system

A

vesicles

35
Q

in eukaryotes, an extensive interconnected network of cisternae that is responsible for the synthesis transport, and initial modification of proteins and lipids

A

endoplasmic reticulum

36
Q

membranous channels and vesicles that make up the endoplasmic reticulum

A

cisternae

37
Q

ER lumen

A

the enclosed space surrounded by a cisterna

38
Q

endoplasmic reticulum with many ribosomes studding its outer surface

A

rough ER

39
Q

endoplasmic reticulum with no ribosomes attached to its membrane surfaces. has various functions, including synthesis of lipid that becomes part of cell membranes

A

smooth ER

40
Q

in eukaryotes, the organelle responsible for the final modification, sorting, and distribution of proteins and lipids

A

golgi complex

41
Q

vesicle that transports proteins to the plasma membrane

A

secretory vesicles

42
Q

in eukaryotes, the process by which a secretory vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and releases the vesicle contents to the exterior

A

exocytosis

43
Q

in eukaryotes, the process by which molecules are brought into the cell from the exterior involving a bulging in of the plasma membrane that pinches off to form an endocytic vesicle

A

enocytosis

44
Q

vesicle that carries proteins and other molecules from the plasma membrane to destinations within the cell

A

endocytic vesicle

45
Q

membrane-bound vesicle containing hydrolytic enzymes for the digestion of many complex molecules

A

lysosomes

46
Q

process in which some types of cells engulf bacteria or other cellular debris to break them down

A

phagocytosis

47
Q

membrane-bound organelle responsible for synthesis of most of the ATP in eukaryotic cells

A

mitochondria

48
Q

the smooth membrane covering the outside of a mitochondrion

A

outer mitochondrial membrane

49
Q

membrane surrounding the mitochondrial matrix

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

50
Q

the innermost compartment of the mitochondrion

A

mitochondrial matrix

51
Q

fold that expands the surface area of the inner mitochondrial membrane

A

crista

52
Q

small, membrane-bound organelle that carries out vital reactions linking metabolic pathways

A

microbodies

53
Q

microbody that produces hydrogen peroxide as a by-product

A

peroxisomes

54
Q

a cytoskeletal component formed by the polymerization of tubulin into rigid, hollow rods about 25 nm in diameter

A

microtubules

55
Q

the main microtubule organizing center of a cell, which organizes the microtubule cytoskeleton during interphase and positions many of the cytoplasmic organelles

A

centrosome

56
Q

a cylindrical structure consisting of 9 triplets of microtubules in the centrosomes of most animal cells

A

centrioles

57
Q

a cytoskeletal filament about 10 nm in diameter that provides mechanical strength to cells in tissues

A

intermediate filaments

58
Q

a cytoskeletal filament of actin

A

microfilaments

59
Q

structure that anchors cilia and flagella to the surface of a cell

A

basal body

60
Q

the site of photosynthesis in plant cells

A

chloroplasts

61
Q

a family of plant organelles that includes chloroplasts, amyloplasts, and chromoplasts

A

plastids

62
Q

colorless plastid that stores starch in plants

A

amyloplasts

63
Q

plastid containing red and yellow pigments

A

chromoplasts

64
Q

a smooth membrane that surrounds a chloroplast, enclosing the stroma

A

outer boundary membrane

65
Q

membrane lying just inside the outer boundary membrane of a chloroplast, enclosing the stroma

A

inner boundary membrane

66
Q

structure in the chloroplasts of higher plants formed by thylakoids stacked one on top of another

A

grana

67
Q

a large, water-filled organelle in plant cells that maintains the turgor of the cell and controls movement of molecules between the cytosol and sap

A

central vacuoles

68
Q

The membrane that surrounds the central vacuole in a plant cell

A

tonoplast

69
Q

the initial cell wall laid down by a plant cell

A

primary cell wall

70
Q

a layer added to the cell wall of plants that is more rigid and may become many times thicker than the primary cell wall

A

secondary cell wall

71
Q

layer of gel-like polysaccharides that holds together walls of adjacent plant cells

A

middle lamella

72
Q

a minute channel that perforates a cell wall and contains extensions of the cytoplasm that directly connect adjacent plant cells

A

plasmodesmata

73
Q

a cell surface protein responsible for selectively binding cells together

A

cell adhesion molecules

74
Q

junction that seals the spaces between cells and provides direct communication between cells

A

cell junctions

75
Q

cell junction that forms belts that run entirely around cells, “welding” adjacent cells together

A

anchoring junction

76
Q

anchoring junction for which microfilaments anchor the junction in hte underlying cytoplasm

A

desmosomes

77
Q

animal cell junction in which intermediate filaments are hte anchoring cytoskeletal component

A

adherens junctions

78
Q

region of tight connection between membranes of adjacent cells

A

tight junctions

79
Q

junction that opens direct channels allowing ions and small molecules to pass directly from one cell to another

A

gap junctions

Biology 107 (16 decks)

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