Chapter 16

Question 1

a region of DNA that transcribes a single primary transcript

Answer 1

transcription unit

Question 2

a cluster of prokaryotic genes organized into a single transcription unit and their associated regulatory sequences

Answer 2

operon

Question 3

DNA sequence involved in the regulation of a gene or genes to which a regulatory protein binds to control the transcription of the gene or genes

Answer 3

regulatory sequences

Question 4

a DNA regulatory sequence that controls transcription of an operon

Answer 4

operator

Question 5

DNA-binding protein that binds to a regulatory sequence and affects the expression of an associated gene or genes

Answer 5

regulatory protein

Question 6

a regulatory protein that prevents the operon genes from being expressed

Answer 6

repressor

Question 7

a regulatory protein that controls the expression of 1 or more genes

Answer 7

activator

Question 8

gene that encodes a protein that has a function other than gene regulation

Answer 8

structural gene

Question 9

gene that encodes a protein that regulates the expression of a structural gene or genes

Answer 9

regulatory gene

Question 10

concerning regulation of gene expression in bacteria, a molecule that turns on the transcription of the genes in an operon

Answer 10

inducer

Question 11

operon whose expression is increased by an inducer molecule

Answer 11

inducible operon

Question 12

key regulatory molecule involved in positive gene regulation of the lac operon

Answer 12

CAP (catabolite activator protein)

Question 13

a regulatory protein that controls the expression of 1 or more

Answer 13

activator

Question 14

region in the promoter of the lac operon and in the promoters of a large number of other operons that control the catabolism of many sugars to which activated catabolite activator protein (CAP) binds, thereby enabling RNA polymerase to bind and transcribe the operon’s structural genes

Answer 14

CAP site

Question 15

operon whose expression is prevented by a repressor molecule

Answer 15

repressible operon

Question 16

in the regulation of gene expression in bacteria, a regulatory molecule that combines with a repressor to activate it an shut off an operon

Answer 16

corepressor

Question 17

in eukaryotes the proteins required for RNA polymerase to initiate transcription or that regulate that process. one class of it recognizes and binds to the promoter in the area of the TATA box and then recruit RNA polymerase

Answer 17

transcription factor

Question 18

upstream of a eukaryotic gene, a region containing regulatory sequences -promoter proximal elements- for transcription called promoter proximal elements

Answer 18

promoter proximal region

Question 19

regulatory sequence within the promoter proximal region, a region upstream of the promoter of a eukaryotic proteincoding gene. regulatory proteins bind to promoter proximal elements and stimulate or inhibit the rate of transcription initiation

Answer 19

promoter proximal elements

Question 20

in eukaryotes, a region at a significant distance from the beginning of some proteincoding genes that contain regulatory sequences to which regulatory proteins bind to stimulate or inhibit the rate of transcription initiation over and above that seen for regulatory events at the promoter proximal elements

Answer 20

enhancer

Question 21

in eukaryotes, a protein that binds to the promoter of a gene in the area of the TATA box and recruits and orients RNA polymerase II to initiate transcription at the correct place

Answer 21

general transcription factor

Question 22

combination of general transcription factors with RNA polymerase II

Answer 22

transcription initiation complex

Question 23

a regulatory protein that controls the expression of 1 or more genes

Answer 23

activators

Question 24

a highly specialized region in a protein produced by the 3-dimensional arrangement of amino acid chains within and between domains

Answer 24

motifs

Question 25

in eukaryotes, a large multiprotein complex that bridges between activators at an enhancer and proteins at the promoter and promoter proximal region to stimulate transcription

Answer 25

coactivator

Question 26

in the regulation of gene expression in bacteria, a regulatory molecule that combines with a repressor to activate it and shut off an operon

Answer 26

corepressors

Question 27

the combining of a few regulatory proteins in particular ways so that the transcription of a wide array of genes can be controlled and a large number of cell types can be specified

Answer 27

combinatorial gene regulation

Question 28

a signaling molecule secreted by a cell that can alter the activities of any cell with receptors for it; in animals, typically a molecule produced by 1 tissue and transported via the bloodstream to another specific tissue to alter its physiological activity

Answer 28

hormone

Question 29

a type of lipid derived from cholesterol

Answer 29

steriod

Question 30

internal receptor that turns on specific genes when it is activated by binding a signal molecule

Answer 30

steroid hormone receptors

Question 31

the DNA sequence to which the hormone-receptor complex binds

Answer 31

steroid hormone response element

Question 32

process in which a methyl group is added enzymatically to cytosine bases in the DNA

Answer 32

DNA methylation

Question 33

phenomenon in which methylation of cytosines in eukaryotic promoters inhibits transcription and turns the genes off

Answer 33

silencing

Question 34

phenomenon in which a change in gene expression does not involve a change in the DNA sequence of the gene or of the genome

Answer 34

epigenetics

Question 35

pattern of inheritance in which the expression of a nuclear gene is based on whether an individual organism inherits the gene from the male or female parent

Answer 35

genomic imprinting

Question 36

regulatory mechanism for altering chromatin structure and therefore, gene activity, based on signals in histone tails represented by chemical modification patterns

Answer 36

histone code

Question 37

phenomenon of silencing a gene posttranscriptionally by a small single-stranded RNA that is complementary to part of an mRNA

Answer 37

RNA interference (RNAi)

Question 38

one of the major types of small regulatory RNAs in eukaryotes involved in RNA interference (RNAi)

Answer 38

microRNAs (miRNA)

Question 39

one of the major types of small, single-stranded regulatory RNAs in eukaryotes involved in RNA interference (RNAi)

Answer 39

small interfering RNA (siRNAs)

Question 40

protein complex containing an miRNA that binds to sequences in the 3' UTRs of target mRNAs, resulting in either inhibition of translation of the mRNAs or their degradation

Answer 40

miRNA-induced silencing complex (miRISC)

Question 41

one of the major types of small, single-stranded regulatory RNAs in eukaryotes involved in RNA interference (RNAi)

Answer 41

small interfering RNA (siRNA)

Question 42

protein complex containing an siRNA that binds to a sequence in a target RNA resulting in cleavage of that RNA

Answer 42

siRNA-induced silencing complex (siRISC)

Question 43

large cytoplasmic protein complex in eukaryotic cells that degrades ubiquitinylated proteins

Answer 43

proteasome

Question 44

mechanism in which one group of cells (the inducer cells) causes or influences another nearby group of cells (the responder cells) to follow a particular developmental pathway

Answer 44

induction

Question 45

mechanism in which the developmental fate of a cell is set

Answer 45

determination

Question 46

having the capacity to produce cells that can develop into or generate a new organism or body part

Answer 46

totipotent

Question 47

process by which cells that have been committed to a particular developmental fate by the determination process now develop into specialized cell types with distinct structures and fuctions

Answer 47

differentiation

Question 48

the mRNA and proteins stored in the egg cytoplasm that directs the early stages of animal development in the period before genes of the zygote become active

Answer 48

cytoplasmic determinants

Question 49

process by which cells that have been committed to a particular developmental fate by the determination process now develop into specialized cell types with distinct structures and functions

Answer 49

differentiation

Question 50

arrangement of organs and body structures in their proper 3-dimensional relationships

Answer 50

pattern formation

Question 51

stages of development from a fertilized egg to an embryo

Answer 51

embryogenesis

Question 52

one of a class of genes that regulate the expression by the mother during oogenesis and that control the polarity of the egg and therefore of the embryo

Answer 52

maternal-effect genes

Question 53

genes that work sequentially progressively subdividing the embryo into regions determining the segment of the embryo and the adult

Answer 53

segmentation genes

Question 54

in Drosophila embryonic development, one of the first activated set segmentation genes that progressively subdivide the embryo into regions, determining the segments of the embryo and the adult. it subdivides the embryo along the anterior-posterior axis into broad regions that later develop into several distinct segments

Answer 54

gap genes

Question 55

in Drosophila embryonic development, one of the second activated set of segmentation genes that progressively subdivide the embryo into regions, determining the segments of the embryo and the adult. control the division of the embryo into units of 2 segments each

Answer 55

pair-rule genes

Question 56

in Drosophila embryonic development, one of the third activated set of segmentation genes that progressively subdivide the embryo into regions, determining the segments of the embryo and adult. set the boundaries and anterior-posterior axis of each segment in the embryo thereby determining the regions that become segments of larvae and adult

Answer 56

segment polarity genes

Question 57

any of the family of genes that determines overall body plan during embryonic development

Answer 57

homeotic

Question 58

unit containing the code for a protein molecule or one of its parts, or for functioning RNA molecules such as tRNA and rRNA

Answer 58

genes

Question 59

the fundamental level of control of gene expression that determines which genes are transcribed into mRNA

Answer 59

transcriptional regulation