Chapter 16 Flashcards
a region of DNA that transcribes a single primary transcript
transcription unit
a cluster of prokaryotic genes organized into a single transcription unit and their associated regulatory sequences
operon
DNA sequence involved in the regulation of a gene or genes to which a regulatory protein binds to control the transcription of the gene or genes
regulatory sequences
a DNA regulatory sequence that controls transcription of an operon
operator
DNA-binding protein that binds to a regulatory sequence and affects the expression of an associated gene or genes
regulatory protein
a regulatory protein that prevents the operon genes from being expressed
repressor
a regulatory protein that controls the expression of 1 or more genes
activator
gene that encodes a protein that has a function other than gene regulation
structural gene
gene that encodes a protein that regulates the expression of a structural gene or genes
regulatory gene
concerning regulation of gene expression in bacteria, a molecule that turns on the transcription of the genes in an operon
inducer
operon whose expression is increased by an inducer molecule
inducible operon
key regulatory molecule involved in positive gene regulation of the lac operon
CAP (catabolite activator protein)
a regulatory protein that controls the expression of 1 or more
activator
region in the promoter of the lac operon and in the promoters of a large number of other operons that control the catabolism of many sugars to which activated catabolite activator protein (CAP) binds, thereby enabling RNA polymerase to bind and transcribe the operon’s structural genes
CAP site
operon whose expression is prevented by a repressor molecule
repressible operon
in the regulation of gene expression in bacteria, a regulatory molecule that combines with a repressor to activate it an shut off an operon
corepressor
in eukaryotes the proteins required for RNA polymerase to initiate transcription or that regulate that process. one class of it recognizes and binds to the promoter in the area of the TATA box and then recruit RNA polymerase
transcription factor
upstream of a eukaryotic gene, a region containing regulatory sequences -promoter proximal elements- for transcription called promoter proximal elements
promoter proximal region
regulatory sequence within the promoter proximal region, a region upstream of the promoter of a eukaryotic proteincoding gene. regulatory proteins bind to promoter proximal elements and stimulate or inhibit the rate of transcription initiation
promoter proximal elements
in eukaryotes, a region at a significant distance from the beginning of some proteincoding genes that contain regulatory sequences to which regulatory proteins bind to stimulate or inhibit the rate of transcription initiation over and above that seen for regulatory events at the promoter proximal elements
enhancer
in eukaryotes, a protein that binds to the promoter of a gene in the area of the TATA box and recruits and orients RNA polymerase II to initiate transcription at the correct place
general transcription factor
combination of general transcription factors with RNA polymerase II
transcription initiation complex
a regulatory protein that controls the expression of 1 or more genes
activators
a highly specialized region in a protein produced by the 3-dimensional arrangement of amino acid chains within and between domains
motifs
in eukaryotes, a large multiprotein complex that bridges between activators at an enhancer and proteins at the promoter and promoter proximal region to stimulate transcription
coactivator
in the regulation of gene expression in bacteria, a regulatory molecule that combines with a repressor to activate it and shut off an operon
corepressors
the combining of a few regulatory proteins in particular ways so that the transcription of a wide array of genes can be controlled and a large number of cell types can be specified
combinatorial gene regulation
a signaling molecule secreted by a cell that can alter the activities of any cell with receptors for it; in animals, typically a molecule produced by 1 tissue and transported via the bloodstream to another specific tissue to alter its physiological activity
hormone
a type of lipid derived from cholesterol
steriod
internal receptor that turns on specific genes when it is activated by binding a signal molecule
steroid hormone receptors
the DNA sequence to which the hormone-receptor complex binds
steroid hormone response element
process in which a methyl group is added enzymatically to cytosine bases in the DNA
DNA methylation
phenomenon in which methylation of cytosines in eukaryotic promoters inhibits transcription and turns the genes off
silencing
phenomenon in which a change in gene expression does not involve a change in the DNA sequence of the gene or of the genome
epigenetics
pattern of inheritance in which the expression of a nuclear gene is based on whether an individual organism inherits the gene from the male or female parent
genomic imprinting
regulatory mechanism for altering chromatin structure and therefore, gene activity, based on signals in histone tails represented by chemical modification patterns
histone code
phenomenon of silencing a gene posttranscriptionally by a small single-stranded RNA that is complementary to part of an mRNA
RNA interference (RNAi)
one of the major types of small regulatory RNAs in eukaryotes involved in RNA interference (RNAi)
microRNAs (miRNA)
one of the major types of small, single-stranded regulatory RNAs in eukaryotes involved in RNA interference (RNAi)
small interfering RNA (siRNAs)
protein complex containing an miRNA that binds to sequences in the 3’ UTRs of target mRNAs, resulting in either inhibition of translation of the mRNAs or their degradation
miRNA-induced silencing complex (miRISC)
one of the major types of small, single-stranded regulatory RNAs in eukaryotes involved in RNA interference (RNAi)
small interfering RNA (siRNA)
protein complex containing an siRNA that binds to a sequence in a target RNA resulting in cleavage of that RNA
siRNA-induced silencing complex (siRISC)
large cytoplasmic protein complex in eukaryotic cells that degrades ubiquitinylated proteins
proteasome
mechanism in which one group of cells (the inducer cells) causes or influences another nearby group of cells (the responder cells) to follow a particular developmental pathway
induction
mechanism in which the developmental fate of a cell is set
determination
having the capacity to produce cells that can develop into or generate a new organism or body part
totipotent
process by which cells that have been committed to a particular developmental fate by the determination process now develop into specialized cell types with distinct structures and fuctions
differentiation
the mRNA and proteins stored in the egg cytoplasm that directs the early stages of animal development in the period before genes of the zygote become active
cytoplasmic determinants
process by which cells that have been committed to a particular developmental fate by the determination process now develop into specialized cell types with distinct structures and functions
differentiation
arrangement of organs and body structures in their proper 3-dimensional relationships
pattern formation
stages of development from a fertilized egg to an embryo
embryogenesis
one of a class of genes that regulate the expression by the mother during oogenesis and that control the polarity of the egg and therefore of the embryo
maternal-effect genes
genes that work sequentially progressively subdividing the embryo into regions determining the segment of the embryo and the adult
segmentation genes
in Drosophila embryonic development, one of the first activated set segmentation genes that progressively subdivide the embryo into regions, determining the segments of the embryo and the adult. it subdivides the embryo along the anterior-posterior axis into broad regions that later develop into several distinct segments
gap genes
in Drosophila embryonic development, one of the second activated set of segmentation genes that progressively subdivide the embryo into regions, determining the segments of the embryo and the adult. control the division of the embryo into units of 2 segments each
pair-rule genes
in Drosophila embryonic development, one of the third activated set of segmentation genes that progressively subdivide the embryo into regions, determining the segments of the embryo and adult. set the boundaries and anterior-posterior axis of each segment in the embryo thereby determining the regions that become segments of larvae and adult
segment polarity genes
any of the family of genes that determines overall body plan during embryonic development
homeotic
unit containing the code for a protein molecule or one of its parts, or for functioning RNA molecules such as tRNA and rRNA
genes
the fundamental level of control of gene expression that determines which genes are transcribed into mRNA
transcriptional regulation
