Chapter 8 2nd Half Flashcards

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0
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli such as shock. NOT PUNISHMENT

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1
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food

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2
Q

Primary Reinforcers

A

An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

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3
Q

Conditioned Reinforcers

A

A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary enforcer, also known as secondary enforcer.

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4
Q

Continuous Reinforcement

A

Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

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5
Q

Partial (intermittent) Reinforcement

A

Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response

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6
Q

Fixed-Ratio Schedules

A

A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

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7
Q

Variable-Ratio Schedules

A

A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

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8
Q

Variable-Interval Schedules

A

A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

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9
Q

Fixed-Interval Schedules

A

A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time had elapsed

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10
Q

Punishment

A

An event that decreases the behavior that it follows

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11
Q

Latent Learning

A

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

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12
Q

Cognitive Map

A

A mental representation of the layout of one’s environment

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13
Q

Intrinsic Motivation

A

A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake

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14
Q

Extrinsic Motivation

A

A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment

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15
Q

Observational Learning

A

Learning by observing others

16
Q

Modeling

A

The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

17
Q

Mirror Neurons

A

Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so

18
Q

Albert Bandura

A

Modeling

19
Q

Prosocial Behavior

A

Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of anti social behavior