Chapter 8 2nd Half Flashcards
Negative Reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli such as shock. NOT PUNISHMENT
Positive Reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food
Primary Reinforcers
An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
Conditioned Reinforcers
A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary enforcer, also known as secondary enforcer.
Continuous Reinforcement
Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
Partial (intermittent) Reinforcement
Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response
Fixed-Ratio Schedules
A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
Variable-Ratio Schedules
A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
Variable-Interval Schedules
A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
Fixed-Interval Schedules
A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time had elapsed
Punishment
An event that decreases the behavior that it follows
Latent Learning
Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
Cognitive Map
A mental representation of the layout of one’s environment
Intrinsic Motivation
A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake
Extrinsic Motivation
A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment
