Chapter 10 Flashcards
Concepts
A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
Cognition
The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating
Prototypes
A mental image or best example of a category.
Algorithm
A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.
Heuristic
A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently.
Insight
A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem.
Confirmation Bias
A tendency to search for information that confirms ones preconceptions.
Fixation
The inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving.
Mental Set
A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way often a way that has been successful in the past.
Functional Fixedness
The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.
Representativeness Heuristic
Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes.
Availability Heuristic
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory.
Overconfidence
The tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of ones beliefs and judgements.
Framing
The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements.
Belief Bias
The tendency for ones preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning.
Belief Perseverance
Clinging to ones initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.
Language
Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.
Phoneme
In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.
Morpheme
In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word.
Grammar
In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.
Semantics
The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language, also, the study of meaning.
Syntax
The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.
Babbling Stage
Beginning at about 4 months
One-word Stage
Age 1-2. Mostly in single words
Two-word Stage
Beginning at about age 2. - speaks mostly two-word statements.
Telegraphic Speech
Early stage in which a child speaks like a telegram - “go car”
Noam Chomsky
Thinks B.F. Skinners ideas were naive.
Linguistic Determinism
Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think.
