Chapter 7 Flashcards
Biological Rhythms
Periodic physiological fluctuations controlled by “biological clocks”
Consciousness
Our awareness of ourselves and our environment
Circadian Rhythm
The biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of body temp and wakefulness) that occur on a 24 hour cycle
REM Sleep
Rapid Eye Movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed but other body systems stay active.
Not moving
Alpha waves (awake)
The relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state.
Sleep
Periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness - as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia or hibernation
Hallucinations
False sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus
Delta Waves
The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep. Stage 4 (moving)
Insomnia
Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep
Narcolepsy
A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times
Sleep Apnea
A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings
Night Terrors
A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during stage 4 sleep within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered.
Dream
A sequence of images, emotions and thoughts passing through a sleeping persons mind.
Freud’s Wish-Fulfillment: Manifest Content
The remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent content)
Freud’s Wish-Fulfillment: Latent Content
The underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content)
Information Processing Theory
Dreams help us sort out the day’s events and consolidate our memories.
Physiological Function Theory
Regular brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural pathways
Activation-Sythesis Theory
REM sleep triggers neural activity that evokes random visual memories, which our sleeping brain weaves into stories.
Cognitive Theory
Dream content reflects dreamers’ cognitive development - their knowledge and understanding. Aids in brain maturation.
REM Rebound
The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation
Hypnosis
A social interaction in which one person (hypnotist) suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur
Anton Mesmer
Hypnosis
Posthypnotic Suggestion
A suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized: used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors.
Social Influence Theory
Hypnotic subjects may simply be imaginative actors playing a social role
Ernest Hilgard
Divided Consciousness Theory
Dissociation (Divided-consciousness theory)
A split in consciousness, which allows some thought and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others
Psychoactive Drug
A chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood
Tolerance
The diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drugs effect
Withdrawal
The discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug
Physical Dependence
A psychological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued
Psychological Dependence
A psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions
Addiction
Compulsive drug cravings and use
Depressants
Drugs such as alcohol, opiates, and barbiturates that reduce neural activity and slow body functions
Barbiturates
Drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement
Opiates
Opium and its derivatives such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity and speed up body functions
Stimulants
Drugs such as caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine and that excite neural activity and speed up body functions
Amphetamines
Drugs that stimulate neural activity
Methamphetamines
A powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels
Ecstasy
A synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy
Hallucinogens
Psychedelic “mind-manifesting” drugs such as LSD that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
LSD
A powerful hallucinogenic drug also known as acid
THC
The major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects including mild hallucinations
Near-Death Experience
An altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest)
Dualism
The presumption that mind and body are 2 distinct entities that interact
Theta waves
Slow , Stage 1-2
