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AP Psychology > Chapter 5 Sensation > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Sensation Flashcards

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0
Q

The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.

A

Perception

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1
Q

The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

A

Sensation

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2
Q

Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brains integration of sensory information.

A

Bottom-Up Processing

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3
Q

Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations.

A

Top-down processing

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4
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

–

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5
Q

The study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them.

A

Psychophysics

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6
Q

The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus so percent of the time.

A

Absolute Threshold

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7
Q

A theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus “signal” amid background stimulation “noise.”

A

Signal Detection Theory

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8
Q

Below ones absolute threshold for conscious awareness.

A

Subliminal

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9
Q

The activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing ones perception, memory, or response.

A

Priming

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10
Q

The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 5o percent of the time.

A

Difference Threshold

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11
Q

The principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage.

A

Webers Law

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12
Q

Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation.

A

Sensory Adaptation

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13
Q

Conversion of one form of energy into another.

A

Transduction

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14
Q

The distance from the peak of one light or sound save to the peak of the next.

A

Wavelength

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15
Q

The dimension of color that is determined by a wave length of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, etc.

A

Hue

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16
Q

The amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the waves amplitude.

A

Intensity

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17
Q

The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters.

A

Pupil

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18
Q

A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening.

A

Iris

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19
Q

The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina.

A

Lens

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20
Q

The process by which the eyes lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina.

A

Accommodation

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21
Q

The light sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information.

A

Retina

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22
Q

Acuity

A

The sharpness of vision.

23
Q

A condition in which nearby objects are seen more clearly than distant objects because distant objects focus in the front of the retina.

A

Nearsightedness

24
Q

A condition which far away objects are seen more clearly than near objects because the image of near objects is focused behind the retina.

A

Farsightedness

25
Q

Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and grey; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don’t respond.

A

Rods

26
Q

Retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or well lit conditions. Detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.

A

Cones

27
Q

Ganglion Cells

A

-

28
Q

Receive messages from photoreceptors and transmit them to ganglion cells, which are for the optic nerve.

A

Bipolar Cells

29
Q

The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.

A

Optic Nerve

30
Q

The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a ‘blind’ spot because no other receptor cells are located there.

A

Blind Spot

31
Q

The central focal point in the retina, around which the eyes cones cluster.

A

Fovea

32
Q

Nerve cells in the brain the respond to specific features of the stimulus such as shape, angle, and movement.

A

Feature Detectors

33
Q

The processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously, the brains natural mode of information processing for many functions including vision.

A

Parallel Processing

34
Q

The theory that the retina contains three different color receptors - one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue - which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color.

A

Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three color) theory

35
Q

The theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green) (yellow-blue) (white-black) enable color vision.

A

Opponent-process Theory

36
Q

Blindness in part of the field of vision due to destruction in the visual cortex - from a stroke or surgery

A

Blindsight

37
Q

Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wave lengths reflected by the object.

Color of an object remains the same under different illusion. However, when contexts changes the co

A

Color Constancy

38
Q

Audition

A

The sense or act of hearing

39
Q

The number of complete wave lengths that pass a point in giving time.

Example: per-second

A

Frequency

40
Q

A tones experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency.

A

Pitch

41
Q

The chamber between the eardrum and cochlea, containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochleas oval window.

A

Middle ear

42
Q

A coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses.

A

Cochlea

43
Q

The innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semi-circular canals and vestibular sacs.

A

Inner Ear

44
Q

Semicircular Canals and Balance

A

-

45
Q

Basilar Membrane

A

-

46
Q

In hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochleas membrane is stimulated.

A

Place Theory

47
Q

In hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense ifs pitch.

A

Frequency Theory

48
Q

Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea receptor cells or the auditory nerves; also called nerve deafness.

A

Conduction Hearing Loss

49
Q

A device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through the electrodes threaded into the cochlea.

A

Cochlear Implant

50
Q

The theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on the brain.

A

Gate-control Theory

51
Q

McGurk Effect

A

-

52
Q

The principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences taste.

A

Sensory Interaction

53
Q

Sensory Compensation

A

-

54
Q

The system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts.

A

Kinesthesis

55
Q

The sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance,

A

Vestibular sense

56
Q

Transparent tissue where light enters the eye.

A

Cornea

AP Psychology (25 decks)

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