Chapter 8 Flashcards
Creation of a genetically identical offspring by a single parent
Asexual reproduction
The third stage of mitosis - sister chromatids separate
Anaphase
A chromosome not involved in determining gender
Autosome
An abnormal mass of cells that remains at it’s original site in the body
Benign tumor
Growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division
Cancer
Ordered sequence of events from when cell is first created until it divides into two separate cells
Cell cycle
Set of proteins that triggers and coordinates events in cell cycle
Cell cycle control system
The reproduction of a cell
Cell division
Membranous disk that forms across midline of dividing plant cell - eventually fuses into a new cell wall
Cell plate
Region of chromosome where sister chromatids are attached
Centromere
Material in cytoplasm that creates the microtubules essential in cell division
Centrosome
Cancer treatment where drugs are administered to disrupt cell division
Chemotherapy
Site where chromatids cross over in prophase I
Chaisma
Combination of chromosomes and proteins that makes chromosomes
Chromatids
Gene carrying structure in nucleus of eukaryotic cells - consists of DNA strands wrapped around proteins
Chromosomes
First sign of cell division in animal cells - shallow groove in surface of cell
Cleavage furrow
Exchange of segments of chromosomes in prophase I
Crossing over
Division of cytoplasm during telophase to form two daughter cells
Cytokinesis
Containing two sets of chromosomes in each cell; each set inherited from each parent
Diploid
Human genetic disorder created by presence of extra chromosome 21
Down syndrome
Union of a haploid sperm cell with haploid egg cell - produces zygote
Fertilization
A sex cell - sperm or egg
Gamete
Offspring have genes that differ from both parents
Genetic recombination
Contains single set of chromosomes
Haploid
Small protein in chromosome that DNA wraps around
Histone
the two chromosomes that make matched pair in diploid cell
Homologous chromosome
Period in cell cycle where cell is not dividing - metabolic activity is high (90% of cell cycle)
Interphase
Display of chromosomes of cell
Karyotype
Sequence in stages of life of an organism
Life cycle
Cancerous tissue that spreads into neighboring tissue
Malignant tumor
In sexual reproduction, the process of one diploid cell dividing into four haploid daughter cells - produce gametes in reproductive organs in parents
Meiosis
Second stage of mitosis where centromeres of chromosomes line up in middle
Metaphase
Spread of cancer cells
Metastasis
Division of single nucleus into two genetically identical daughter nuclei
Mitosis
Phase of mitosis where nucleus divides and chromosomes are distributed into daughter nuclei
Mitotic (M) phase
Moves chromosomes in mitosis; made up of micro tubules
Mitotic spindle
Place in eukaryotic cell where DNA is packed - DNA wrapped around 8 histone molecules
Nucleosome
Accident in mitosis or meiosis where sister chromatids fail to separate
Nondisjunction
First stage of mitosis where chromosomes condense and move through mitotic spindle
Prophase
Cancer treatment where cancerous areas are subjected to high intensity radiation
Radiation therapy
Chromosome that determines gender of offspring - either X or Y chromosome provided by father
Sex chromosome
Production of offspring by fusion of two haploid sex cells
Sexual reproduction
One of two identical parts of separated chromosome
Sister chromatid
A body cell in multicellular organisms
Somatic cell
Fourth and final state of mitosis where daughter chromatids form and cell separates into two new ones
Telophase
21st chromosome that causes down syndrome
Trisomy 21
Abnormal mass of cells that forms within normal tissue
Tumor
Fertilized egg
Zygote
