Chapter 12 Flashcards
A single organism that is genetically identical to another because of somatic cell cloning
Clone
The manipulation of living organisms to perform useful tasks
Biotechnology
Enzyme that catalyzes covalent bonding of DNA nucleotides (zips)
DNA ligase
Procedure that analyzes the DNA of a sample using electrophoresis and compares it to DNA of an individual in order to identify sample
DNA profiling
Methods used to study of manipulate genetic material
DNA technology
The scientific analysis of evidence for CSI or legal purposes
Forensics
A technique for sorting macromolecules where molecules are placed on a gel and exposed to electricity. The molecules separate according to their rates of migration
Gel electrophoresis
The production of multiple copies of a gene
Gene cloning
The direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes
Genetic engineering
An organism that has acquired one or more genes by artificial means
GMO
The study of whole sets of genes and their interactions
Genomics
Attempt to treat disease by altering genes in humans
Human gene therapy
The international collaborative effort to map the entire human genome
Human Genome Project
In DNA technology, a single stranded nucleic acid molecule used to identify one specific gene or nucleotide sequence
Nucleic acid probe
Small ring of self-replicating DNA separate from the chromosomes (found in prokaryotes and yeasts)
Plasmid
Technique used to obtain many copies of DNA molecule where molecule is mixed with small amount of DNA polymerase in a test tube, causing the strand to replicate repeatedly
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
The systematic study of full protein sets encoded by genomes
Proteomics
A DNA molecule containing genes from two or more sources
Recombinant DNA
Nucleotide sequences that are present in many copies of DNA in a genome
Repetitive DNA
Bacterial enzyme that cuts up foreign DNA and protects the bacteria from DNA of phases and other intruding organisms
Restriction enzyme
A molecule of DNA produced from a longer DNA molecule cut up by a restriction enzyme
Restriction fragment
Where the restriction enzyme breaks up the DNA molecule
Restriction site
DNA consisting of short sequences of nucleotides in a row (tandem)
Short tandem repeat (STR)
A method of DNA profiling that uses comparisons of lengths of STR sequences
STR analysis
Organism that contains genes from another organism, usually from the same species
Transgenic organism
A harmless variant of a pathogen used to stimulate a host organism’s immune system to mount a long term defense on the pathogen
Vaccine
A piece of DNA, usually a plasmid or viral genome, used to move genes from one cell to another
Vector
