Chapter 11 Flashcards
Cell present in adult tissues that generates new cells for broken down ones
Adult stem cell
A protein that switches on a gene or group of genes by binding to DNA
Activator
Different mRNA molecules produced from same transcript depending on splicing of introns and exons
Alternative RNA splicing
A cancer causing agent; radiation or chemical substance
Carcinogen
Varying structure and function of cells depending on cell’s genes
Cellular differentiation
DNA molecule made using mRNA as a transcript and the enzyme reverse transcriptase
Complementary DNA (cDNA)
Glass slide containing thousands of kinds of DNA. Used to measure and compare strands
DNA microarray
Any cells in embryo that differentiate and create varying kinds of cells
Embryonic stem cells (ES cells)
DNA sequence that helps transcription when gene is far away. Uses activator to bind to
Enhancer
Process where genetic info flows from genes to proteins. DNA➡️RNA➡️Protein
Gene expression
Turning off and on of specific genes
Gene regulation
Protein secreted by body cells to stimulate growth of other cells
Growth factor
Master control gene that determines type of body structure to be made by controlling groups of cells
Homeotic gene
Nucleus of one cell is placed into other
Nuclear transplantation
Cancer causing gene that enhances growth factor
Oncogene
Nucleotides near start of operon in prokaryotic DNA. Active repressive attaches here
Operator
In prokaryotic DNA, group of genes with related functions that aid in transcription
Operon
Where transcription begins in DNA. Bonding site for RNA polymerase
promoter
Normal gene that can convert to cancer-causing gene
Pro oncogene
The regrowth of body parts from pieces of an organism
Regeneration
A protein that blocks ️RNA and transcription polymerase by bonding to the operator
Repressor
Using a somatic cell from a multicellular organism to make one or more genetically identical individuals
Reproductive cloning
A series of molecular changes that convert a signal on a target cell surface to a specific response inside the cell
Signal transduction pathway
A eukaryotic DNA sequence that inhibits the start of gene transcription
Silencer
Cloning of human cells by nuclear transplantation for therapeutic purposes such as replacement of body cells that have been damaged by disease or injury
Therapeutic cloning
In eukaryotic cells, of protein that functions in initiating or regulating transcription
Transcription factor
A gene whose product inhibits cell division thereby preventing uncontrolled cell growth
Tumor suppressor gene
In female mammals, the inactivation of one X chromosome in each somatic cell
X chromosome inactivation
