Chapter 5 Flashcards
Energy in motion
Kinetic energy
The capacity to perform work
Energy
The principle that states that it is impossible to create or destroy energy
The Law of Conservation of Energy
Stored energy. Energy that an object has because of its location or structure
Potential energy
The measure of the amount of disorder or randomness in a system
Entropy
A form of potential energy that is stored in the molecular bonds of atoms in an object
Chemical energy
A type of kinetic energy contained in the random motion of atoms and molecules
Heat
The amount of energy needed to raise 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius
Calorie
Organic molecule with adenosine tail and three phosphate groups; provides energy for cellular work
ATP or Adenosine TriPhosphate
ATP releases a phosphate tail to create energy and creates this molecule
ADP
Total amount of all chemical reactions in an organism
Metabolism
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions
Enzymes
The amount of energy required to break chemical bonds and begin a chemical reaction
Activation energy
Specific substance that activates an enzyme
Substrate
Region of enzyme with shape and structure of substrate
Active site
Substrate enters active site and enzyme changes shape and embraces the molecule
Induced fit
Molecules that disrupt enzyme function by binding to it (substrate imposters)
Enzyme inhibitors
If metabolism is producing more of something than needed, process is shut off
Feedback regulation
Membrane proteins that transfer substances across the cell membrane
Transport proteins
Movement of molecules so that they become equally distributed in available space
Diffusion
Transport without the use of energy
Passive transport
A region in which a substance’s density changes
Concentration gradient
Diffusion that occurs when substances are transported across the membrane by way of specific transport proteins
Facilitated diffusion
Diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane
Osmosis
Solution with higher concentration of a solute than an other is
Hypertonic
Substance with lesser concentration of a solute than an other is
Hypotonic
Solutions with equal concentration of a solute are
Isotonic
Control of water balance
Osmoregulation
The process in which plants loose water and the membrane pulls away from the cell wall, causing it to shrivel
Plasmolysis
Transport that requires energy
Active transport
Molecules leaving a cell or other membrane
Exocytosis
Molecules entering a cell or other membrane
Endocytosis
Cellular eating - cell engulfs particle
Phagocytosis
Cellular drinking - cell forms vesicles and ingests fluid
Pinocytosis
Certain molecules are bonded with receptor protiens in order to process them
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Chain reaction of signals relating an outiside stimulant and the receptor proteins
Signal transduction pathway
