Chapter 8 Flashcards
memory
the persistence of learning overtime through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information
recall
a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier
(fill in the blank test)
recognition
a measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned
(multiple choice test)
relearning
a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again
david wechsler
idea that you can recognize much after the event but its harder to recall that information
(yearbook photos)
herman ebbinghaus
idea of practicing/rehearsing repeatedly over a period of time is helpful
(random syllable example)
encoding
process of getting information into the memory system
storage
the process of retaining encoded information over time
retrieval
the process of getting information out of memory storage
sensory memory (atkinson + shiffrin)
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
short-term memory (atkinson + shiffrin)
briefly activated memory of a few items that is later stored or forgotten
long-term memory (atkinson + shiffrin)
the relatively permanent and limitless archive of the memory system. includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
working memory
a newer understanding of short-term memory. conscious, active processing of both incoming sensory information, and information retrieved from long-term memory
explicit memory
retention of facts and experiences that we can consciously know and “declare”
effortful processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
automatic processing
unconscious coding of incidental information such as space, time, and frequency of familiar or well-learned information (sounds, smells, word meanings)
implicit memory
retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection
iconic memory
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli. a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
echoic memory
a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli. if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3-4 seconds
chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units. often occurs automatically.
mnemonics
memory aids, particularly those that use vivid imagery
spacing learning
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention then is achieved through massed study/practice
testing effect
enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading information
shallow processing
encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words