Chapter 8 Flashcards
memory
the persistence of learning overtime through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information
recall
a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier
(fill in the blank test)
recognition
a measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned
(multiple choice test)
relearning
a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again
david wechsler
idea that you can recognize much after the event but its harder to recall that information
(yearbook photos)
herman ebbinghaus
idea of practicing/rehearsing repeatedly over a period of time is helpful
(random syllable example)
encoding
process of getting information into the memory system
storage
the process of retaining encoded information over time
retrieval
the process of getting information out of memory storage
sensory memory (atkinson + shiffrin)
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
short-term memory (atkinson + shiffrin)
briefly activated memory of a few items that is later stored or forgotten
long-term memory (atkinson + shiffrin)
the relatively permanent and limitless archive of the memory system. includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
working memory
a newer understanding of short-term memory. conscious, active processing of both incoming sensory information, and information retrieved from long-term memory
explicit memory
retention of facts and experiences that we can consciously know and “declare”
effortful processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
automatic processing
unconscious coding of incidental information such as space, time, and frequency of familiar or well-learned information (sounds, smells, word meanings)
implicit memory
retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection
iconic memory
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli. a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
echoic memory
a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli. if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3-4 seconds
chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units. often occurs automatically.
mnemonics
memory aids, particularly those that use vivid imagery
spacing learning
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention then is achieved through massed study/practice
testing effect
enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading information
shallow processing
encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words
deep processing
encoding semantically based on the meaning of the words. tends to yield the best retention.
semantic memory
explicit memory of facts and general knowledge
episodic memory
explicit memory of personally experienced events
hippocampus
neural center located in limbic system. helps process explicit (conscious) memories, of facts and events, for storage
memory consolidation
the neural storage of a long-term memory
flash bulb memory
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
long-term potentiation (LTP)
an increase in a nerve cell’s firing potential after a brief, rapid stimulation. a neural basis for learning and memory
THIS IS OUR HOW OUR NEURONS AND NEURAL NETWORKS GET “STRONGER”
priming
the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
encoding specificity principle
the idea that cues and context specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it
mood-congruent memory
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current good or bad mood
serial positron effect
our tendency to recall best the last (recency effect) and first (primacy effect) items in a list
anterograde amnesia
an inability to form new memories
retrograde amnesia
an inability to remember information from one’s past
proactive interference
the forward-acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new information
retroactive interference
the backwards-acting disruptive effect of newer learning on the recall of old information
repression
in psychoanalytic theory: the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness, anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.
reconsolidation
a process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again
misinformation effect
occurs when a memory has been corrupted by misleading information
source amnesia
faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imagined.
source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories
deja vu
the eerie sense that “ive experienced this before.”
cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience
