Chapter 8

Question 1

memory

Answer 1

the persistence of learning overtime through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

Question 2

recall

Answer 2

a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier

(fill in the blank test)

Question 3

recognition

Answer 3

a measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned

(multiple choice test)

Question 4

relearning

Answer 4

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again

Question 5

david wechsler

Answer 5

idea that you can recognize much after the event but its harder to recall that information

(yearbook photos)

Question 6

herman ebbinghaus

Answer 6

idea of practicing/rehearsing repeatedly over a period of time is helpful

(random syllable example)

Question 7

encoding

Answer 7

process of getting information into the memory system

Question 8

storage

Answer 8

the process of retaining encoded information over time

Question 9

retrieval

Answer 9

the process of getting information out of memory storage

Question 10

sensory memory (atkinson + shiffrin)

Answer 10

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

Question 11

short-term memory (atkinson + shiffrin)

Answer 11

briefly activated memory of a few items that is later stored or forgotten

Question 12

long-term memory (atkinson + shiffrin)

Answer 12

the relatively permanent and limitless archive of the memory system. includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

Question 13

working memory

Answer 13

a newer understanding of short-term memory. conscious, active processing of both incoming sensory information, and information retrieved from long-term memory

Question 14

explicit memory

Answer 14

retention of facts and experiences that we can consciously know and “declare”

Question 15

effortful processing

Answer 15

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Question 16

automatic processing

Answer 16

unconscious coding of incidental information such as space, time, and frequency of familiar or well-learned information (sounds, smells, word meanings)

Question 17

implicit memory

Answer 17

retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection

Question 18

iconic memory

Answer 18

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli. a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

Question 19

echoic memory

Answer 19

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli. if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3-4 seconds

Question 20

chunking

Answer 20

organizing items into familiar, manageable units. often occurs automatically.

Question 21

mnemonics

Answer 21

memory aids, particularly those that use vivid imagery

Question 22

spacing learning

Answer 22

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention then is achieved through massed study/practice

Question 23

testing effect

Answer 23

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading information

Question 24

shallow processing

Answer 24

encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words

Question 25

deep processing

Answer 25

encoding semantically based on the meaning of the words. tends to yield the best retention.

Question 26

semantic memory

Answer 26

explicit memory of facts and general knowledge

Question 27

episodic memory

Answer 27

explicit memory of personally experienced events

Question 28

hippocampus

Answer 28

neural center located in limbic system. helps process explicit (conscious) memories, of facts and events, for storage

Question 29

memory consolidation

Answer 29

the neural storage of a long-term memory

Question 30

flash bulb memory

Answer 30

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Question 31

long-term potentiation (LTP)

Answer 31

an increase in a nerve cell’s firing potential after a brief, rapid stimulation. a neural basis for learning and memory

THIS IS OUR HOW OUR NEURONS AND NEURAL NETWORKS GET “STRONGER”

Question 32

priming

Answer 32

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

Question 33

encoding specificity principle

Answer 33

the idea that cues and context specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it

Question 34

mood-congruent memory

Answer 34

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current good or bad mood

Question 35

serial positron effect

Answer 35

our tendency to recall best the last (recency effect) and first (primacy effect) items in a list

Question 36

anterograde amnesia

Answer 36

an inability to form new memories

Question 37

retrograde amnesia

Answer 37

an inability to remember information from one’s past

Question 38

proactive interference

Answer 38

the forward-acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new information

Question 39

retroactive interference

Answer 39

the backwards-acting disruptive effect of newer learning on the recall of old information

Question 40

repression

Answer 40

in psychoanalytic theory: the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness, anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.

Question 41

reconsolidation

Answer 41

a process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again

Question 42

misinformation effect

Answer 42

occurs when a memory has been corrupted by misleading information

Question 43

source amnesia

Answer 43

faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imagined.

source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories

Question 44

deja vu

Answer 44

the eerie sense that “ive experienced this before.”

cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience