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Intro Pych > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

sensatioon

A

the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

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2
Q

perception

A

the process by which our brains organizes and interprets sensory information enabling us to recognize objects and events as meaningful

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3
Q

bottom-up processing

A

information processing that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory infomation

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4
Q

top-down processing

A

information precessing guided by the higher-level mental processes. constructing perceptions drawing on our previous experience and expectations.

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5
Q

psychophysics

A

the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli (ex intensity) and our psychological experience of them

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6
Q

absolute threshold

A

the minimum stimulus energy needed to detect a stimulus 50% of the time

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7
Q

signal detection theory

A

theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation.

*assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person’s experience, expectations, motivations, and alertness

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8
Q

subliminal

A

below ones threshold for conscious awareness

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9
Q

difference threshold:

A

the minimum distance between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time. we experience a just notable difference (jnd)

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10
Q

webber’s law

A

the principle that to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage

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11
Q

sensory adaptation

A

the mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not the other

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12
Q

perceptual set

A

the mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not the other

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13
Q

vision

A

sensory + perceptual processing

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14
Q

wavelength

A

distance from one peak or trough of one wave to the other (peak to peak, trough to trough)

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15
Q

heu (light)

A

the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light. what we know as “colors”

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16
Q

intensity (light)

A

the amount of energy in a light or sound wave which influences what we perceive as brightness or loudness. intensity is determined by wave’s amplitude.

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17
Q

retina

A

light-sensitive inner surface of the eye. contains rods and cones + a layer of neurons which begin the processing of visual information

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18
Q

rods

A

photoreceptors that detect black, white, and grey and are movement sensitive. necessary for peripheral and twilight vision (when cones dont respond)

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19
Q

cones

A

photoreceptors concentrated in the center of the retina (fovia) that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. detects fine detail and gives rise to color sensations

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20
Q

optic nerve

A

nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

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21
Q

blind spot

A

point at which the optic nerve connects to the retina. no photoreceptors here meaning we cannot see there causing a “blind spot”

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22
Q

fovia

A

central focal point of the retina around which the cones cluster

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23
Q

young-helmholtz trichromatic (3-color) theory

A

theory that the retina contains three different types of color receptors. one most sensitive to red, one to green, and one to blue which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color

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24
Q

opponent-process theory

A

theory that opposing retinal processes (red/green, blue/yellow, black/white) enable color vision.

“we cant see red + green at the same time but can see red + blue at the same time because they travel on separate “tracks”/have separate receptors

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25
Q

feature detectors

A

nerve cells in the brain’s visual cortex that respond to specific features of a stimulus such as a shape, angle, or movement.

26
Q

parallel processing

A

processing many aspects of a stimulus or problem simultaneously

27
Q

gestalt

A

an organized whole. gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes (conscious perception is a continuous, integrated whole)

28
Q

figure-ground

A

the organization of visual fields into objects (figure) that stands out from the background (ground)

29
Q

grouping

A

the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

30
Q

depth perception

A

the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retinal are two-dimensional. allows us to judge distance.

31
Q

visual cliff

A

laboratory devise used for testing depth perception in babies and young animals

32
Q

binocular cue

A

a depth cue (such as retinal display) that depends on the use of both eyes

33
Q

monocular cue

A

a depth cue (such as interposition or linear perspective) available to either eye alone

34
Q

phi phenomenon

A

an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession (arrows on an electronic road sign)

35
Q

perceptual consistancy

A

perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change (seeing someone from the side but still recognizing them)

36
Q

perceptual adaptation

A

the ability to adjust to changed sensory input, including an artificially displaced or even inverse visual field

37
Q

audition

A

the sense or act of hearing

38
Q

frequency

A

the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point at any given time (usually per second)

39
Q

pitch

A

a tone’s experienced highness or lowness (high frequency = high pitch)

40
Q

middle ear

A

chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones: hammer, anvil, and stirrup which concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea’s oval window

41
Q

cochlia

A

a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear. sound waves traveling through the cochlear fluid trigger nerve impulses (later perceived as sound)

42
Q

inner ear

A

the innermost part of the ear. contains cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacks

43
Q

sensorineural hearing loss

A

most common type of hearing loss. caused by damage to the cochleas receptor cells or to the auditory nerve.

aka nerve deafness

44
Q

conduction hearing loss

A

caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea

45
Q

cochlear implant

A

a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea

46
Q

place theory (hearing)

A

theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochleas membrane is stimulated

aka place coding

47
Q

frequency theory (hearing)

A

theory that the role of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone thus enabling us to sense its pitch.

aka temporal coding

48
Q

touch

A

pressure + warmth + cold + pain

49
Q

gate control theory

A

theory that the spinal chord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks the pain signals or allows them to pass to the brain. the “gate” is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up nerve fibers, and is closed by activity in a larger fibers or by info coming from the brain

50
Q

hypnosis

A

social interaction in which the hypnotist suggests to another person (the subject) that certain perceptions, thoughts, behaviors or feelings will spontaneously occur

51
Q

dissasociation

A

a split in consciousness which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others

52
Q

posthypnotic suggestion

A

a suggestion made during a hypnosis session to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized. used by any clinitions to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors

53
Q

gustation

A

our sense of taste

54
Q

olfaction

A

sense of smell

55
Q

kinesthesia

A

our movement sense. system for sending the position and movement of individual body parts

56
Q

vestibular sense

A

our balance sense. our sense of body movement and position that enables our sense of balance

57
Q

sensory interaction

A

principle that one sense can influence another as when the smell of food affects its taste

58
Q

embodied cognition

A

the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive performance and judgements

59
Q

extrasensory perception (ESP)

A

controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input. includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition

60
Q

parapsychology

A

study of paranormal phenomena including ESP and telekinesis

Intro Pych (18 decks)

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