Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

learning

A

the process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

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2
Q

associative learning

A

learning that certain events occur together. the events may be two stimuli (classical conditioning) or may be a response and its consequence (operant conditioning)

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3
Q

stimulus

A

event or situation that evokes a response

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4
Q

respondent behavior

A

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimuli

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5
Q

operant behavior

A

behavior the operates on the environment, producing a consequence

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6
Q

cognitive learning

A

the acquisition of mental information whether by observational events, by watching others, or through language

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7
Q

classical conditioning

A

type of leaning in which we link two or more stimuli. as a result, the first stimulus comes to elicit anticipation of the second stimulus

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8
Q

behaviorism

A

the view that psychology:
1. should be an objective science
2. studies behavior without reference to mental processes

today, most psychologists agree with 1 but not 2

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9
Q

unconditional response (UR) in classical conditioning

A

an unlearned, naturally occurring response (ex. salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US) (ex. food in mouth)

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10
Q

unconditioned stimulus (US) in classical conditioning

A

a stimulus that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers an unconditional response (UR)

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11
Q

conditioned response (CR) in classical conditioning

A

a learned response to a previously neutral (now conditioned) stimulus

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12
Q

conditioned stimulus (CS) in classical conditioning

A

an originally neutral stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR)

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13
Q

acquisition in classical conditioning

A

the initial stage when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditional stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response

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14
Q

higher order conditioning

A

procedure in which the conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus (NS) creating a second (usually weaker) conditioned stimulus

ex. tone = food then add a light: tone + light = food so light = food

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15
Q

extinction

A

the diminishing of a conditioned response.

occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS).

occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer inforced

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16
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response (CR)

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17
Q

generalization

A

in classical conditioning, the tendency once a response has been conditioned for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimuli to elicit similar responses.

in operant conditioning, generalization occurs when responses learned in one situation occur in other similar situations

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18
Q

discrimination

A

Classical conditioning is a type of learning that involves forming associations between two stimuli: In this process, discrimination is the ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that have not been paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

in operant conditioning: the ability to distinguish responses that are reinforced from similar responses that are not reinforced

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19
Q

operant conditioning

A

type of learning in which a behavior becomes more likely to recur if followed by a reinforcer or less likely to recur if followed by a punisher

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20
Q

who did research on classical conditioning and on what?

A

Pavlov with salivating dogs

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21
Q

who did research on operant conditioning and on what?

A

Skinner with skinner’s box and animals learning rewards after doing a task

22
Q

law of effect

A

thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

23
Q

operant chamber

A

a box (“skinner’s box”) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food or water reinforcer. attached devices record the animal’s rate of bar pressing/key pecking.

24
Q

reinforcement in operant conditioning

A

any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

25
shaping in operant conditioning
procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior towards the desired behavior/outcome ex. rewarding rat for getting close to lever
26
positive rienforcement
presenting a pleasurable stimulus. a positive reinforcer is any stimulus that when presented after a response, strengthens the response
27
negative rienforcement
increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing averse stimulus. a negative reinforcer is any stimulus that when removed after a response, strengthens the response. negative reinforcement IS NOT punishment
28
primary rienforcer
an innately reinforced stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need (food when hungry)
29
conditioned rienforcer
a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer sound = food, sound + light = food so light = food
30
reinforcement schedule
a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced
31
partial (intermittent) rienforcement schedule
rienforces a response only part of the time. results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction then with continuous reinforcement
32
continuous rienforcement
rienforcing the desired response every time it occurs
33
fixed-ratio schedule (in operant conditioning)
a rienforcement schedule that rienforces a response only after a specified number of responses
34
variable-ratio schedule (in operant conditioning)
a rienforcement schedule that rienforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
35
fixed-interval schedule (in operant conditioning)
a rienforcmeent schedule that rienforces a response only after a specified time period has elapsed
36
variable-interval schedule (in operant conditioning)
a reinforcement schedule that rienforces a response to a stimulus at unpredictable time intervals
37
rienforcement rates are higher when on a "BLANK" schedule rather than "BLANK" schedule (ratio and interval)
ratio ; interval
38
responding is more consistant with "BLANK" schedule than a "BLANK" schedule (set and variable)
variable ; set
39
punishment
an event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows
40
positive punishment
administering averse stimulus ex. spraying a barking dog with water
41
negative punishment
removing a rewarding stimulus ex. no more driving
42
drawbacks of physical punishment (for children)
1. punished behavior is suppressed, not forgotten 2. physical punishment does not replace the unwanted behavior 3. teaches discrimination among situations 4. punishment can teach fear 5. can increase agresion by modeling violence
43
preparedness
a biological predisposition to learn associations (such as between taste and nausea) that have survival value
44
for conditioning to occur..."BLANK" must immediately follow "BLANK"
unconditioned stimulus (US) ; conditioned stimulus (CS) or neutral stimulus (NS)
45
instinctive drift
tendency of a learned behavior to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns
46
cognitive map
a mental representation of the layout of one's environment ex. after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it
47
latent learning
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
48
observational learning
learning by observing others
49
modeling
the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
50
mirror neurons
frontal lobe neurons which some scientists believe fire when we perform certain actions or observe others doing so. the brains mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy ex. monkey sees researcher eat ice cream cone
51
prosocial behavior
positive, constructive, helpful behavior. opposite of antisocial behavior