Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Intro Pych > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

learning

A

the process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

associative learning

A

learning that certain events occur together. the events may be two stimuli (classical conditioning) or may be a response and its consequence (operant conditioning)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

stimulus

A

event or situation that evokes a response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

respondent behavior

A

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

operant behavior

A

behavior the operates on the environment, producing a consequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

cognitive learning

A

the acquisition of mental information whether by observational events, by watching others, or through language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

classical conditioning

A

type of leaning in which we link two or more stimuli. as a result, the first stimulus comes to elicit anticipation of the second stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

behaviorism

A

the view that psychology:
1. should be an objective science
2. studies behavior without reference to mental processes

today, most psychologists agree with 1 but not 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

unconditional response (UR) in classical conditioning

A

an unlearned, naturally occurring response (ex. salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US) (ex. food in mouth)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

unconditioned stimulus (US) in classical conditioning

A

a stimulus that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers an unconditional response (UR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

conditioned response (CR) in classical conditioning

A

a learned response to a previously neutral (now conditioned) stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

conditioned stimulus (CS) in classical conditioning

A

an originally neutral stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

acquisition in classical conditioning

A

the initial stage when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditional stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

higher order conditioning

A

procedure in which the conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus (NS) creating a second (usually weaker) conditioned stimulus

ex. tone = food then add a light: tone + light = food so light = food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

extinction

A

the diminishing of a conditioned response.

occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS).

occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer inforced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response (CR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

generalization

A

in classical conditioning, the tendency once a response has been conditioned for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimuli to elicit similar responses.

in operant conditioning, generalization occurs when responses learned in one situation occur in other similar situations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

discrimination

A

Classical conditioning is a type of learning that involves forming associations between two stimuli: In this process, discrimination is the ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that have not been paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

in operant conditioning: the ability to distinguish responses that are reinforced from similar responses that are not reinforced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

operant conditioning

A

type of learning in which a behavior becomes more likely to recur if followed by a reinforcer or less likely to recur if followed by a punisher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

who did research on classical conditioning and on what?

A

Pavlov with salivating dogs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

who did research on operant conditioning and on what?

A

Skinner with skinner’s box and animals learning rewards after doing a task

22
Q

law of effect

A

thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

23
Q

operant chamber

A

a box (“skinner’s box”) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food or water reinforcer. attached devices record the animal’s rate of bar pressing/key pecking.

24
Q

reinforcement in operant conditioning

A

any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

25
Q

shaping in operant conditioning

A

procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior towards the desired behavior/outcome

ex. rewarding rat for getting close to lever

26
Q

positive rienforcement

A

presenting a pleasurable stimulus. a positive reinforcer is any stimulus that when presented after a response, strengthens the response

27
Q

negative rienforcement

A

increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing averse stimulus. a negative reinforcer is any stimulus that when removed after a response, strengthens the response.

negative reinforcement IS NOT punishment

28
Q

primary rienforcer

A

an innately reinforced stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need (food when hungry)

29
Q

conditioned rienforcer

A

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer

sound = food, sound + light = food so light = food

30
Q

reinforcement schedule

A

a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

31
Q

partial (intermittent) rienforcement schedule

A

rienforces a response only part of the time. results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction then with continuous reinforcement

32
Q

continuous rienforcement

A

rienforcing the desired response every time it occurs

33
Q

fixed-ratio schedule (in operant conditioning)

A

a rienforcement schedule that rienforces a response only after a specified number of responses

34
Q

variable-ratio schedule (in operant conditioning)

A

a rienforcement schedule that rienforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

35
Q

fixed-interval schedule (in operant conditioning)

A

a rienforcmeent schedule that rienforces a response only after a specified time period has elapsed

36
Q

variable-interval schedule (in operant conditioning)

A

a reinforcement schedule that rienforces a response to a stimulus at unpredictable time intervals

37
Q

rienforcement rates are higher when on a “BLANK” schedule rather than “BLANK” schedule

(ratio and interval)

A

ratio ; interval

38
Q

responding is more consistant with “BLANK” schedule than a “BLANK” schedule

(set and variable)

A

variable ; set

39
Q

punishment

A

an event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows

40
Q

positive punishment

A

administering averse stimulus

ex. spraying a barking dog with water

41
Q

negative punishment

A

removing a rewarding stimulus

ex. no more driving

42
Q

drawbacks of physical punishment (for children)

A
  1. punished behavior is suppressed, not forgotten
  2. physical punishment does not replace the unwanted behavior
  3. teaches discrimination among situations
  4. punishment can teach fear
  5. can increase agresion by modeling violence
43
Q

preparedness

A

a biological predisposition to learn associations (such as between taste and nausea) that have survival value

44
Q

for conditioning to occur…“BLANK” must immediately follow “BLANK”

A

unconditioned stimulus (US) ; conditioned stimulus (CS) or neutral stimulus (NS)

45
Q

instinctive drift

A

tendency of a learned behavior to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns

46
Q

cognitive map

A

a mental representation of the layout of one’s environment

ex. after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it

47
Q

latent learning

A

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

48
Q

observational learning

A

learning by observing others

49
Q

modeling

A

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

50
Q

mirror neurons

A

frontal lobe neurons which some scientists believe fire when we perform certain actions or observe others doing so. the brains mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation and empathy

ex. monkey sees researcher eat ice cream cone

51
Q

prosocial behavior

A

positive, constructive, helpful behavior. opposite of antisocial behavior

Intro Pych (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions