Chapter 11

Question 1

motivation

Answer 1

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

Question 2

4 perspectives on motivation

Answer 2

1. instinct theory
2. drive-reduction theory
3. arousal theory
4. abram maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Question 3

instinct

Answer 3

a complex behavior that is rigididly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

Question 4

phsycological need

Answer 4

a basic bodily requirement

Question 5

drive-reduction theory

Answer 5

the idea that a psychological need creates an aroused state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

Question 6

homeostasis

Answer 6

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state. the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry such as blood glucose levels

Question 7

incentive

Answer 7

a postivite or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

Question 8

yerkes-dodson law

Answer 8

the principle that performance increases with arousal up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

Question 9

higherarchy of needs

Answer 9

Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginnings at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before people can fulfill their higherlevel safety needs and then psychological needs

Question 10

set point

Answer 10

the point at which the “weight thermostate” may be set. when the body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may combine to restore lost weight

Question 11

brisol metabolic rate

Answer 11

the bodys resting rate of energy output

Question 12

obesity

Answer 12

defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or higher which is calculated from our weight-to-hieght ratio (“overweight” is greater than 25 BMI)

Question 13

sexual response cycle

Answer 13

the four stages of sexual responding described by masters and johnson.

1. excitement
2. plataeu
3. orgasm
4. resolution

Question 14

refractory period

Answer 14

resting period that occurs after orgasm during which a person cannot achieve another orgasm

Question 15

sexual dysfunction

Answer 15

a problem that consistantly impairs sexual arousal or functioning at any point in the sexual response cycle

Question 16

erectile disorder

Answer 16

inability to develop or maintain an erection due to insufficient blood flow to the penis

Question 17

female orgasmic disorder

Answer 17

distress due to infrequently or never experiencing orgasm

Question 18

paraphilias

Answer 18

sexual arousal from fantasies, behaviors, or urges involving non-human objects, the suffering of self or others, and/or non-consenting persons

Question 19

AIDS

Answer 19

a life threatening condition caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). a sexually transmitted infection

Question 20

affiliation need

Answer 20

the need to build and maintain relationships and to feel part of a group

Question 21

self-determination theory

Answer 21

theory that we feel motivated to satisfy our needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness

Question 22

ostracism

Answer 22

deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups

Question 23

acheivement motivation

Answer 23

a desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard

Question 24

grit (in psycology)

Answer 24

passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals

Question 25

extrinsic motivation

Answer 25

the desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or to avoid threatened punishment

Question 26

intrinsic motivation

Answer 26

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake