Chapter 11 Flashcards
motivation
a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
4 perspectives on motivation
- instinct theory
- drive-reduction theory
- arousal theory
- abram maslow’s hierarchy of needs
instinct
a complex behavior that is rigididly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
phsycological need
a basic bodily requirement
drive-reduction theory
the idea that a psychological need creates an aroused state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
homeostasis
a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state. the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry such as blood glucose levels
incentive
a postivite or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
yerkes-dodson law
the principle that performance increases with arousal up to a point, beyond which performance decreases
higherarchy of needs
Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginnings at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before people can fulfill their higherlevel safety needs and then psychological needs
set point
the point at which the “weight thermostate” may be set. when the body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may combine to restore lost weight
brisol metabolic rate
the bodys resting rate of energy output
obesity
defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or higher which is calculated from our weight-to-hieght ratio (“overweight” is greater than 25 BMI)
sexual response cycle
the four stages of sexual responding described by masters and johnson.
- excitement
- plataeu
- orgasm
- resolution
refractory period
resting period that occurs after orgasm during which a person cannot achieve another orgasm
sexual dysfunction
a problem that consistantly impairs sexual arousal or functioning at any point in the sexual response cycle
erectile disorder
inability to develop or maintain an erection due to insufficient blood flow to the penis
female orgasmic disorder
distress due to infrequently or never experiencing orgasm
paraphilias
sexual arousal from fantasies, behaviors, or urges involving non-human objects, the suffering of self or others, and/or non-consenting persons
AIDS
a life threatening condition caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). a sexually transmitted infection
affiliation need
the need to build and maintain relationships and to feel part of a group
self-determination theory
theory that we feel motivated to satisfy our needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness
ostracism
deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups
acheivement motivation
a desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard
grit (in psycology)
passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals
