Chapter 13 Flashcards
social psychology
the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
attribution theory:
theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation of the person’s disposition
fundamental attribution error
the tendency when analyzing others’ behavior to underestimate the impact of the situation and to over estimate the impact of personal disposition
attitude
feelings (often influenced by our beliefs) that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, events
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to later comply with a larger one
role
a set of expectations about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
cognitive disonence theory (by festinger)
theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognition) are inconsistant
peripheral route persuasion
occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues such as a speaker’s attractivness
central route persuasion
occurs when interested people’s thinking is influenced by considering evidence or arguments
norms
understood rules for accepted and expected behavior. norms prescribe “proper” behavior
chamelion effect/social contagion
we shift to be like the people around us
conformity
adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
normative social influence
influence resulting from a persons desire to gain aproval or avoid disaproval
informational social influence
influence resulting from a persons willngness to accept others opinions about reality
(milgram) obedience highest when (4)
- person giving orders was close and a perceived authority figure
- the authority figure is supported a powerfull or prestigious institution
- victim was depersonalized or in another room
- no role models for defiance
milgram study
shacks for incorrect answers (with ‘students’ making noises)
ashche study
different length lines study (people agreed with a group even when they disagreed about the length of the lines personally)
triplett study
reeling in a fishing rod with or without another person doing the same in the room
predjudice
an unjustifiable and usually negative attitude towards a group and its members. prejudice generally involves:
- stereotyped beliefs
- negative feelings
- predisposition to discriminatory action
steriotype
a generalized (sometimes acurate, usually overgeneralized) beleif about a group of people
discrimination
unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its memeber
implicit predjudice
predjuduce not explicitly on “ones radar”
just-world phenominon
the tendency for people to beleive that the world is just and people therefor get what they deserve and deserve what they get
ingroup
“us”
people with whom we share a common identity
outgroup
“them”
those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup
scapegoat theory
theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
other-race effect
the tendancy to recall faces of ones own race more accuratly than faces of other races.
also known as cross-race effect or own-race bias
aggression
any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally
frustration-aggresion principle
principle that frustration, the blocking of an attempt to acheive some goal, creates anger which can generate agression
social script
a culterally modeled guide for how to act in various situations
mere exposure effect
the tendancy for repeated exposure to novel stimuli to increase our liking of them
passionate love
an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another
companionate love
the deep affectionate attachement we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined (ex marrage)
equity
a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give
self-disclosure
the act of revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others
altruism
unselfish reguard for the welfare of others
bystander effect
the tendency for any given bistander to be less likely to gibe aid if other bistandars are present
social exchange theory
theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benifits and minimize costs
social responsibility
an expectation that people will help those needing their help
reciprocity norm
an expecation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them
conflict
a perceived incompatability of actions, goals, or ideas
social trap
a situation in which two parties, by each persuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually disctructive behavior
mirror-image perceptions
mutual views often held by conflicting parties as when one side sees itself as ethical and peacefull and views the other side as evil and agressive
self-fufilling prophecy
a beleif that leads to its own fufilment
superordinate goals
shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
GRIT
graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tention reduction. a strategy designed to decrease international tensions
