Chapter 13

Question 1

social psychology

Answer 1

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

Question 2

attribution theory:

Answer 2

theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation of the person’s disposition

Question 3

fundamental attribution error

Answer 3

the tendency when analyzing others’ behavior to underestimate the impact of the situation and to over estimate the impact of personal disposition

Question 4

attitude

Answer 4

feelings (often influenced by our beliefs) that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, events

Question 5

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Answer 5

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to later comply with a larger one

Question 6

role

Answer 6

a set of expectations about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

Question 7

cognitive disonence theory (by festinger)

Answer 7

theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognition) are inconsistant

Question 8

peripheral route persuasion

Answer 8

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues such as a speaker’s attractivness

Question 9

central route persuasion

Answer 9

occurs when interested people’s thinking is influenced by considering evidence or arguments

Question 10

norms

Answer 10

understood rules for accepted and expected behavior. norms prescribe “proper” behavior

Question 11

chamelion effect/social contagion

Answer 11

we shift to be like the people around us

Question 12

conformity

Answer 12

adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

Question 13

normative social influence

Answer 13

influence resulting from a persons desire to gain aproval or avoid disaproval

Question 14

informational social influence

Answer 14

influence resulting from a persons willngness to accept others opinions about reality

Question 15

(milgram) obedience highest when (4)

Answer 15

1. person giving orders was close and a perceived authority figure
2. the authority figure is supported a powerfull or prestigious institution
3. victim was depersonalized or in another room
4. no role models for defiance

Question 16

milgram study

Answer 16

shacks for incorrect answers (with ‘students’ making noises)

Question 17

ashche study

Answer 17

different length lines study (people agreed with a group even when they disagreed about the length of the lines personally)

Question 18

triplett study

Answer 18

reeling in a fishing rod with or without another person doing the same in the room

Question 19

predjudice

Answer 19

an unjustifiable and usually negative attitude towards a group and its members. prejudice generally involves:

1. stereotyped beliefs
2. negative feelings
3. predisposition to discriminatory action

Question 20

steriotype

Answer 20

a generalized (sometimes acurate, usually overgeneralized) beleif about a group of people

Question 21

discrimination

Answer 21

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its memeber

Question 22

implicit predjudice

Answer 22

predjuduce not explicitly on “ones radar”

Question 23

just-world phenominon

Answer 23

the tendency for people to beleive that the world is just and people therefor get what they deserve and deserve what they get

Question 24

ingroup

Answer 24

“us”

people with whom we share a common identity

Question 25

outgroup

Answer 25

“them”

those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup

Question 26

scapegoat theory

Answer 26

theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

Question 27

other-race effect

Answer 27

the tendancy to recall faces of ones own race more accuratly than faces of other races.

also known as cross-race effect or own-race bias

Question 28

aggression

Answer 28

any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally

Question 29

frustration-aggresion principle

Answer 29

principle that frustration, the blocking of an attempt to acheive some goal, creates anger which can generate agression

Question 30

social script

Answer 30

a culterally modeled guide for how to act in various situations

Question 31

mere exposure effect

Answer 31

the tendancy for repeated exposure to novel stimuli to increase our liking of them

Question 32

passionate love

Answer 32

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another

Question 33

companionate love

Answer 33

the deep affectionate attachement we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined (ex marrage)

Question 34

equity

Answer 34

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give

Question 35

self-disclosure

Answer 35

the act of revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others

Question 36

altruism

Answer 36

unselfish reguard for the welfare of others

Question 37

bystander effect

Answer 37

the tendency for any given bistander to be less likely to gibe aid if other bistandars are present

Question 38

social exchange theory

Answer 38

theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benifits and minimize costs

Question 39

social responsibility

Answer 39

an expectation that people will help those needing their help

Question 40

reciprocity norm

Answer 40

an expecation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

Question 41

conflict

Answer 41

a perceived incompatability of actions, goals, or ideas

Question 42

social trap

Answer 42

a situation in which two parties, by each persuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually disctructive behavior

Question 43

mirror-image perceptions

Answer 43

mutual views often held by conflicting parties as when one side sees itself as ethical and peacefull and views the other side as evil and agressive

Question 44

self-fufilling prophecy

Answer 44

a beleif that leads to its own fufilment

Question 45

superordinate goals

Answer 45

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

Question 46

GRIT

Answer 46

graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tention reduction. a strategy designed to decrease international tensions