Chapter 8 Flashcards
self-understanding
The child’s cognitive representation of self, the substance and content of the child’s self-conceptions.
moral development
Development that involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
regarding rules and conventions about what
people should do in their interactions with
other people
heteronomous morality
The first stage of moral development in Piaget’s theory, occurring from approximately 4 to 7 years of age. Justice and rules are conceived of as unchangeable properties of the world, removed from the control of people.
autonomous morality
In Piaget’s theory, older children (about 10 years of age and older) become aware that rules and laws are created by people and that in judging an action one should consider the actor’s intentions as well as the consequences.
immanent justice
The concept that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately.
conscience
An internal regulation of standards of right and wrong that involves integrating moral thought, feeling, and behavior.
gender identity
The sense of being male or female, which most children acquire by the time they are 3 years old.
gender role
A set of expectations that prescribes how females or males should think, act, and feel.
gender typing
Acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.
social role theory
A theory that gender differences result from the contrasting roles of men and women.
psychoanalytic theory of gender
A theory deriving from Freud’s view that the preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent, by approximately 5 or 6 years of age renounces this attraction because of anxious feelings, and subsequently identifies with the same-sex parent, unconsciously adopting the same-sex parent’s characteristics.
social cognitive theory of gender
A theory emphasizing that children’s gender development occurs through the observation and imitation of gender behavior and through the rewards and punishments children experience for gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate behavior.
gender schema theory
The theory that gender typing emerges as children develop gender schemas of their culture’s gender- appropriate and gender-inappropriate behavior.
authoritarian parenting
A restrictive, punitive style in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and to respect their work and effort. The authoritarian parent places firm limits and controls on the child and allows little verbal exchange. Authoritarian parenting is associated with children’s social incompetence.
authoritative parenting
A parenting style in which parents encourage their children to be independent but still place limits and controls on their actions. Extensive verbal give-and- take is allowed, and parents are warm and nurturing toward the child. Authoritative parenting is associated with children’s social competence.
