Chapter 1.2

Question 1

Which Two concepts help provide a framework for describing and understanding an individual’s development?

Answer 1

developmental processes and periods.

Question 2

biological processes

Answer 2

Changes in an individual’s physical nature.

Question 3

cognitive processes

Answer 3

Changes in an individual’s thought, intelligence, and language.

Question 4

socioemotional processes

Answer 4

Changes in an individual’s interpersonal relationships, emotions, and personality.

Question 5

developmental cognitive neuroscience

Answer 5

explores links between development, cognitive processes, and the brain

Question 6

developmental social neuroscience

Answer 6

examines connections between socioemotional processes, development, and the brain

Question 7

Which 3 processes are involved in developmental changes?

Answer 7

-Cognitive processes
-Socioemotional processes
-Biological processes

Question 8

What are the 8 periods of development?

Answer 8

-Prenatal period conception to birth
-Infancy birth to 18-24 months
-early childhood* 3-5 years
-Middle and late childhood* 6-10/11 years
-Adolescence* 10-12 to 18-21 years
-early adulthood* 20s and 30s
-Middle adulthood* 40s and 50s
-Late adulthood* 60s-70s until death

Question 9

What happens in the prenatal period?

Answer 9

tremendous growth— from a single cell to an organism complete with brain and behavioral capabilities

Question 10

What happens in the infancy period?

Answer 10

Infancy is a time of extreme dependence upon adults. During this period, many psychological activities— language, symbolic thought, sensorimotor coordination, and social learning, for example— are just beginning.

Question 11

What happens in the early childhood period?

Answer 11

During this time, young children learn to become more self-sufficient and to care for themselves, develop school readiness skills and playing with peers

Question 12

What happens in the middle and late childhood?

Answer 12

master the fundamental skills of reading, writing, and arithmetic, and they are formally exposed to the larger world and its culture. Achievement becomes a more central theme of the child’s world, and self-control increases.

Question 13

What happens in the adolescence period?

Answer 13

Adolescence begins with rapid physical changes—dramatic gains in height and weight, changes in body contour, and the development of sexual characteristics such as enlargement of the breasts, growth of pubic and facial hair, and deepening of the voice. At this point in development, the pursuit of independence and an identity are preeminent. Thought is more logical, abstract, and idealistic. More time is spent outside the family.

Question 14

What is emerging adulthood?

Answer 14

The period from approximately 18 to 25 years of age

Question 15

What happens in early adulthood period?

Answer 15

It is a time of establishing personal and economic independence, advancing in a career, and for many, selecting a mate, learning to live with that person in an intimate way, starting a family, and rearing children.

Question 16

What happens in Middle adulthood period?

Answer 16

It is a time of expanding personal and social involvement and responsibility; of assist- ing the next generation in becoming competent, mature individuals; and of reaching and maintaining satisfaction in a career.

Question 17

What happens in late adulthood period?

Answer 17

It is a time of life review, retirement, and adjustment to new social roles and diminishing strength and health.

Question 18

Normal aging characterizes

Answer 18

psychological functioning often peaks in early middle age, remains relatively stable until the late fifties to early sixties, and then shows a modest decline through the early eighties

Question 19

Pathological aging

Answer 19

Individuals who show greater than average decline as they age through the adult years. In early old age, they may have mild cognitive impair- ment, develop Alzheimer disease later on, or have a chronic disease that impairs their daily functioning.

Question 20

Succesful aging

Answer 20

individuals whose positive physical, cognitive, and socio- emotional development is maintained longer, declining later in old age than is the case for most people.

Question 21

Chronological age

Answer 21

Chronological age is the number of years that have elapsed since birth.

Question 22

Biological age

Answer 22

Biological age is a
person’s age in terms of biological health. Determining bio-
logical age involves knowing the functional capacities of a
person’s vital organs.

Question 23

psychological age

Answer 23

Psychological age is an individual’s adaptive capacities compared with those of other indi- viduals of the same chronological age.

Question 24

Social age

Answer 24

Social age refers to connectedness with others and the social roles individuals adopt.

Question 25

What are the three issues about the nature of development?

Answer 25

-The roles played by nature and nurture
-Stability and change
-continuity and discontinuity

Question 26

nature-nurture issue

Answer 26

Debate about whether development is primarily influenced by nature or nurture. Nature refers to an organism’s biological inheritance, nurture to its environmental experiences.

Question 27

the epigenetic view,

Answer 27

states that development reflects an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between genes and the environment. These studies involve specific DNA sequences

Question 28

stability-change issue

Answer 28

Debate about whether we become older renditions of our early experience (stability) or whether we develop into someone different from who we were at an earlier point in development (change).

Question 29

continuity-discontinuity issue

Answer 29

Debate about the extent to which development involves gradual, cumulative change (continuity) or distinct stages (discontinuity).