Chapter 1.2 Flashcards
Which Two concepts help provide a framework for describing and understanding an individual’s development?
developmental processes and periods.
biological processes
Changes in an individual’s physical nature.
cognitive processes
Changes in an individual’s thought, intelligence, and language.
socioemotional processes
Changes in an individual’s interpersonal relationships, emotions, and personality.
developmental cognitive neuroscience
explores links between development, cognitive processes, and the brain
developmental social neuroscience
examines connections between socioemotional processes, development, and the brain
Which 3 processes are involved in developmental changes?
-Cognitive processes
-Socioemotional processes
-Biological processes
What are the 8 periods of development?
-Prenatal period conception to birth
-Infancy birth to 18-24 months
-early childhood* 3-5 years
-Middle and late childhood* 6-10/11 years
-Adolescence* 10-12 to 18-21 years
-early adulthood* 20s and 30s
-Middle adulthood* 40s and 50s
-Late adulthood* 60s-70s until death
What happens in the prenatal period?
tremendous growth— from a single cell to an organism complete with brain and behavioral capabilities
What happens in the infancy period?
Infancy is a time of extreme dependence upon adults. During this period, many psychological activities— language, symbolic thought, sensorimotor coordination, and social learning, for example— are just beginning.
What happens in the early childhood period?
During this time, young children learn to become more self-sufficient and to care for themselves, develop school readiness skills and playing with peers
What happens in the middle and late childhood?
master the fundamental skills of reading, writing, and arithmetic, and they are formally exposed to the larger world and its culture. Achievement becomes a more central theme of the child’s world, and self-control increases.
What happens in the adolescence period?
Adolescence begins with rapid physical changes—dramatic gains in height and weight, changes in body contour, and the development of sexual characteristics such as enlargement of the breasts, growth of pubic and facial hair, and deepening of the voice. At this point in development, the pursuit of independence and an identity are preeminent. Thought is more logical, abstract, and idealistic. More time is spent outside the family.
What is emerging adulthood?
The period from approximately 18 to 25 years of age
What happens in early adulthood period?
It is a time of establishing personal and economic independence, advancing in a career, and for many, selecting a mate, learning to live with that person in an intimate way, starting a family, and rearing children.
What happens in Middle adulthood period?
It is a time of expanding personal and social involvement and responsibility; of assist- ing the next generation in becoming competent, mature individuals; and of reaching and maintaining satisfaction in a career.
What happens in late adulthood period?
It is a time of life review, retirement, and adjustment to new social roles and diminishing strength and health.
Normal aging characterizes
psychological functioning often peaks in early middle age, remains relatively stable until the late fifties to early sixties, and then shows a modest decline through the early eighties
Pathological aging
Individuals who show greater than average decline as they age through the adult years. In early old age, they may have mild cognitive impair- ment, develop Alzheimer disease later on, or have a chronic disease that impairs their daily functioning.
Succesful aging
individuals whose positive physical, cognitive, and socio- emotional development is maintained longer, declining later in old age than is the case for most people.
Chronological age
Chronological age is the number of years that have elapsed since birth.
Biological age
Biological age is a
person’s age in terms of biological health. Determining bio-
logical age involves knowing the functional capacities of a
person’s vital organs.
psychological age
Psychological age is an individual’s adaptive capacities compared with those of other indi- viduals of the same chronological age.
Social age
Social age refers to connectedness with others and the social roles individuals adopt.
