Chapter 2.3+2.4 Flashcards
Which 7 prenatal diagnostic tests are there?
*Ultrasound sonography
*Brain imaging techniques
*Chorionic villus sampling.
* Amniocentesis.
* Maternal blood screening and cell-free DNA.
* Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD).
* Fetal sex determination.
How do they use brain-imaging techniques?
With MRI. More useful in the third semester
Chorionic Villus Sampling
is a prenatal medical procedure in which a small sample of the placenta (the vascular organ that links the fetus to the mother’s uterus) is removed.
Diagnosis takes about 10 days
Small risk of limb deformity
Amniocentesis
Amniocentesis is a prenatal medical procedure in which a sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn by syringe and tested for chromosomal or metabolic disorders.
Between 15th and 18th weeks.
Small risk of miscarriage
Maternal blood screening
Maternal blood screening identifies pregnancies that have an elevated risk for birth defects such as spina bifida (a defect in the spinal cord) and Down syndrome. Can also detect congenital heart disease.
When do we call someone infertil?
If there is an inability to conceive a child after 12 months of regular intercourse without contraception.
Which 3 ways of adoption is there?
domestic adoption from the public welfare system, (2) domestic infant adoption through private agencies and intermediaries, and (3) international adoption
Why someone might be infertil?
The woman may not be ovulating (releasing eggs to be fertilized), she may be producing abnormal ova, her fallopian tubes through which ova normally reach the womb may be blocked, or she may have a disease that prevents implantation of the embryo into the uterus.
The man may produce too few sperm, the sperm may lack motility (the ability to move adequately), or he may have a blocked passageway
Adopted children have an higher risk in…
for externalizing (aggression and conduct problems, for example), internalizing (anxiety and depression, for example), and attention problems (ADHD, for example)
behavior genetics
The field that seeks to discover the influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits and development.
twin study
A study in which the behavioral similarity of identical twins is compared with the behavioral similarity of fraternal twins.
adoption study
A study in which investigators seek to discover whether, in behavior and psychological characteristics, adopted children are more like their adoptive parents, who provided a home environment, or more like their biological parents, who contributed their heredity. Another form of the adoption study compares adoptive and biological siblings.
passive genotype-environment correlations
Correlations that exist when the natural parents, who are genetically related to the child, provide a rearing environment for the child.
evocative genotype-environment correlations
Correlations that exist when the child’s genetically influenced characteristics elicit certain types of environments.
active (niche-picking) genotype-environment correlations
Correlations that exist when children seek out environments they find compatible and stimulating.
