Chapter 2.1+2.2

Question 1

Natural selection

Answer 1

The evolutionary process by which those individuals of a species that are best adapted are the ones that survive and leave the most fit offspring

Question 2

Adaptive behavior

Answer 2

behavior that promotes an organism’s
survival in the natural habitat, because an organism possesses
characteristics needed for survival.

Question 3

Evolutionary psychology

Answer 3

emphasizes the importance of
adaptation and reproduction to ensure survival.

Question 4

Criticism about evolutionary psychology

Answer 4

-Does not adequately value social/environmental factors.
-Relies on after-the-fact explanations.
-Cannot be tested scientifically

Question 5

chromosomes

Answer 5

Threadlike structures that come in 23 pairs, with one member of each pair coming from each parent. Chromosomes contain the genetic substance DNA.

Question 6

DNA

Answer 6

A complex molecule that contains genetic information.

Question 7

genes

Answer 7

Units of hereditary information composed of DNA. Genes help cells to reproduce themselves and help manufacture the proteins that maintain life.

Question 8

genome-wide association method

Answer 8

to identify genetic variations linked to a particular disease, such as obesity, cancer, cardiovascular disease, or Alzheimer disease

Question 9

How does the genome-wide association method study works?

Answer 9

researchers obtain DNA from individuals who have the disease and others who don’t have it. Then,
each participant’s complete set of DNA, or genome, is purified from the blood or other cells and scanned on machines to determine markers of genetic variation. If the genetic variations occur more frequently in people who have the disease, the variations point to the region in the human genome with the disease.

Question 10

Linkage analysis

Answer 10

the goal is to discover the location of a gene (or genes) in relation to a marker gene (whose position is already known) and is often used to search for disease-related genes

Question 11

Next-generation sequencing

Answer 11

used to describe the vast increase in genetic data generated at a much reduced cost and in a much shorter period of time than in the past.

Question 12

Around how many genes do we have?

Answer 12

Arounds 20700

Question 13

mitosis

Answer 13

Cellular reproduction in which the cell’s nucleus duplicates itself with two new cells being formed, each containing the same DNA as the parent cell, arranged in the same 23 pairs of chromosomes.

Question 14

meiosis

Answer 14

A specialized form of cell division that occurs to form eggs and sperm (also known as gametes).

Question 15

fertilization

Answer 15

A stage in reproduction when an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell, called a zygote.

Question 16

zygote

Answer 16

A single cell formed through fertilization.

Question 17

genotype

Answer 17

A person’s genetic heritage; the actual genetic material.

Question 18

phenotype

Answer 18

The way an individual’s genotype is expressed in observed and measurable characteristics.

Question 19

How does the process from genotype to phenotype work?

Answer 19

It’s highly complex, but at a very basic level in a cell, DNA information is transcribed to RNA (ribonucleic acid), which in turn is translated into amino acids that will become proteins. Once proteins have been assembled, they become capable of producing phenotype traits and characteristics. Also, environments interact with genotypes to produce phenotypes.

Question 20

What are sex-linked genes?

Answer 20

This are genes what are especially on one gene, mostly de x chromosome. When a mutated gene is carried on the X chromosome, the result is called X-linked inheritance.

Question 21

What is genetic imprinting?

Answer 21

Genetic imprinting occurs when the expression of a gene has different effects depending on whether the mother or the father passed on the gene.

Question 22

Polygenic Inheritance

Answer 22

many different genes determine a characteristic

Question 23

Down syndrome

Answer 23

A form of intellectual disability that is caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21.

Question 24

Klinefelter syndrome (XXY)

Answer 24

Males have an extra X chromosome causes physical abnormalities.

Question 25

Fragile X syndrome

Answer 25

An abnormality in the X chromosome can cause intellectual disability, learning disabilities, or short attention span.

Question 26

Turner syndrome XO

Answer 26

A missing X chromosome in females can cause intellectual disability and sexual underdevelopment.

Question 27

XYY syndrome

Answer 27

Males have an extra Y chromosome can cause above-average height.

Question 28

phenylketonuria (PKU)

Answer 28

A genetic disorder in which an individual cannot properly metabolize an amino acid called phenylalanine. PKU is now easily detected but, if left untreated, results in intellectual disability and hyperactivity.

Question 29

sickle-cell anemia

Answer 29

A genetic disorder that affects the red blood cells and occurs most often in people of African descent. It limits the body’s oxygen supply; it can cause joint swelling, as well as heart and kidney failure.

Question 30

Cystic fibrosis

Answer 30

Glandular dysfunction that interferes with mucus production; breathing and digestion are hampered, resulting in a shortened life span.

Question 31

Hemophilia

Answer 31

Delayed blood clotting causes internal and external bleeding

Question 32

Huntington’s disease

Answer 32

Central nervous system deteriorates, producing problems in muscle coordination and mental deterioration.

Question 33

Spina bifida

Answer 33

Neural tube disorder that causes brain and spine abnormalities.

Question 34

Tay-Sachs disease

Answer 34

Deceleration of mental and physical development caused by an accumulation of lipids in the nervous system.