Chapter 10 Flashcards
Perspective taking
The social cognitive process involved in assuming the perspective of others and understanding their thoughts and feelings.
self-esteem
The global evaluative dimension of the self. Self-esteem is also referred to as self-worth or self-image.
Self concept
Domain-specific evaluations of the self.
Self-efficacy
The belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes.
preconventional reasoning
- The lowest level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development.
- The individual’s moral reasoning is controlled primarily by external rewards and punishment.
conventional reasoning
- The second, or intermediate, level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development.
- At this level, individuals abide by certain standards, but these are standards set by others such as parents or society.
postconventional reasoning
- The highest level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development.
- At this level, the individual recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and then decides on a personal moral code.
justice perspective
A moral perspective that focuses on the rights of the individual and in which individuals independently make moral decisions.
care perspective
The moral perspective of Carol Gilligan, which views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others.
Domain theory of moral development
Theory that identifies different domains of social knowledge and reasoning, including moral, social conventional, and personal domains. These domains arise from children’s and adolescents’ attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience.
Social conventional reasoning
Thoughts about social consensus and convention, in contrast with moral reasoning, which stresses ethical issues.
Gender stereotypes
Broad categories that reflect our impressions and beliefs about females and males
Populair children
Children who are frequently nominated as a best friend and are rarely disliked by their peers.
Average children
Children who receive an average number of both positive and negative nominations from peers.
Neglected children
Children who are infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers.
Rejected children
Children who are infrequently nominated as a best friend and are actively disliked by their peers.
Controversial children
Children who are frequently nominated both as a best friend and as being disliked by their peers.
Intimacy in friendships
Self-disclosure and the sharing of private thoughts
Constructivist approach
A learner-centered educational approach that emphasizes the importance of individuals actively constructing their knowledge and understanding with guidance from the teacher.
Direct instruction approach
A structured, teacher-centered educational approach that is characterized by teacher direction and control, mastery of academic skills, high expectations for students’ progress, maximum time spent on learning tasks, and efforts to keep negative affect to a minimum.
Industry versus inferiority
Erikson’s fourth stage. Children become interested in how things are made and how they work.
Developmental changes during the middle and late childhood
- Improved emotional understanding.
- Increased understanding that more than one emotion can be experienced in a particular situation.
- Increased tendency to be aware of the events leading to emotional reactions.
- Ability to suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions.
- Use of self-initiated strategies for redirecting feelings.
- A capacity for genuine empathy.
Which outcomes may experience disasters on children are?
- Acute stress reactions
- Depression
- Panic disorder
- post-traumatic disorder
Dose-response effect
The more severe the disaster/trauma, the worse the adaptation and adjustment
