chapter 7 urinary system Flashcards
arteriole
small artery
calyx
cup-like collecting region of the renal pelvis
catheter
tube for injecting or removing fluids
cortex
outer region of an organ; the renal cortex is the outer region of the kidney
creatinine
nitrogenous waste excreted in urine. creatinine clearance is a measure of the efficiency of the kidneys in removing creatinine from the blood.
electrolyte
chemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water. electrolytes are necessary for functioning of muscles and nerves. the kidneys maintain the proper balance of electrolytes and water in the blood. K and Na are electrolytes
erythropoietin (EPO)
hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate the production of red blood cells by bone marrow.
filtration
process whereby some substances, but not all, pass through a filter. in the kidney, blood pressure forces materials through the filter (glomerulus). About 180 quarts of fluid are filtered from the blood daily, but the kidney returns 98% to 99% of the water and salts. Only about 1.5 quarts of urine are excreted daily.
glomerular capsule
enclosing structure surrounding each glomerulus. The glomerular capsule is also known as Bowman capsule and it collects the material that is filtered from the blood through the walls of the glomerulus.
glomerulus
tiny ball of capillaries (microscopic blood vessels) in the kidney.
hilum
depression in an organ where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave.
kidney
one of two bean-shaped organs on either side of the backbone in the lumbar region; it filters nitrogenous wastes from the bloodstream to form urine.
meatus
opening or canal
medulla
inner region of an organ. the renal medulla is the inner region of the kidney (medullary means pertaining to the medulla)
nephron
combination of glomerulus and renal tubule where filtration, reabsorption, and secretion take place in the kidney. It is the functional unit of the kidney, each capable of forming urine by itself. There are about 1 million nephrons in a kidney.
nitrogenous waste
substance containing nitrogen and excreted in urine.
potassium
an electrolyte regulated by the kidney so that a proper concentration is maintained within the blood. potassium is essential for allowing muscle contraction and conduction of nervous impulses.
reabsorption
process whereby renal tubules return materials necessary to the body back into the bloodstream.
renal artery
blood vessel that carries blood to the kidney.
renal pelvis
central collecting region in the kidney
renal tubule
microscopic tubes in the kidney where urine is formed after filtration
renal vein
blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidney and toward the heart.
renin
hormone secreted by the kidney; it raises blood pressure by influencing vasoconstriction.
sodium
an electrolyte regulated in the blood and urine by the kidneys; needed for proper transmission of nerve impulses, heart activity, and other metabolic functions.
trigone
triangular area in the urinary bladder
urea
major nitrogenous waste excreted in urine
ureter
one of the two tubes leading from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
urethra
tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.
uric acid
nitrogenous waste excreted in urine.
urinary bladder
hollow, muscular sac that holds and stores urine.
urination (voiding)
process of expelling urine; also called micturition.
cali/o
calyx
cyst/o
urinary bladder
glomerul/o
glomerulus
meat/o
meatus
nephr/o
kidney
pyel/o
renal pelvis
ren/o
kidney
trigon/o
trigone
ureter/o
ureter
urethr/o
urethra
vesic/o
urinary bladder
albumin/o
albumin (a protein in the blood)
azot/o
nitrogen
bacteri/o
bacteria
dips/o
thirst
kal/o
potassium
ket/o, keton/o
ketone bodies
lith/o
stone
natr/o
sodium
noct/o
night
olig/o
scanty
-poietin
substance that forms
py/o
pus
-tripsy
crushing
ur/o
urine (urea)
urin/o
urine
-uria
urination; urine condition
glomerulonephritis
inflammation of the glomeruli within the kidney
interstitial nephritis
inflammation of the connective tissue that lies between the renal tubules.
nephrolithiasis
kidney stones (renal calculi)
nephrotic syndrome
group of clinical signs and symptoms caused by excessive protein loss in urine.
polycystic kidney disease
multiple fluid-filled sacs (cysts) within and on the kidney.
pyelonephritis
inflammation of the lining of the renal pelvis and renal parenchyma.
renal cell carcinoma (hypernephroma)
cancerous tumor of the kidney in adulthood
renal failure
kidney decreases excretion of wastes as a result of impaired filtration function.
renal hypertension
high blood pressure resulting from kidney disease
Wilms tumor
malignant tumor of the kidney occurring in childhood.
bladder cancer
malignant tumor of the urinary bladder.
diabetes insipidus
antidiuretic hormone is not secreted adequately, or the kidney is resistant to its effect.
diabetes mellitus
insulin is not secreted adequately or not used properly in the body.
blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
measurement of urea levels in blood.
creatinine clearance
measurement of the rate at which creatinine is cleared from the blood by the kidney.
CT scan
x-ray images show multiple cross-sectional and other views of organs and tissues.
kidneys, ureters, and bladder (KUB)
x-ray examination (without contrast) of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.
renal angiography
x-ray examination (with contrast) of the blood vessels of the kidney.
retrograde pyelogram (RP)
x-ray imaging of the renal pelvis and ureters after injection of contrast through a urinary catheter into the ureters from the bladder.
voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)
x-ray record (with contrast) of the urinary bladder and urethra obtained while the patient is voiding.
ultrasonography
imaging of urinary tract structures using high-frequency sound waves.
radioisotope scan
image of the kidney after injecting a radioactive substance (radioisotope) into the bloodstream.
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
changing magnetic field produces images of the kidney and surrounding structures in three planes of the body.
cystoscopy
direct visualization of the urethra and urinary bladder with an endoscope.
dialysis
process of separating nitrogenous waste materials from the blood.
hemodialysis (HD)
uses an artificial kidney machine that receives waste-filled blood from the patients bloodstream, filters it, and returns the dialyzed blood to the patient’s body.
peritoneal dialysis (PD)
uses a peritoneal catheter to introduce fluid into the peritoneal (abdominal) cavity.
lithotripsy
urinary tract stones are crushed.
renal angioplasty
dilation of narrowed areas in renal arteries.
renal biopsy
removal of kidney tissue for microscopic examination.
renal transplantation
surgical transfer of a kidney from a donor to a recipient.
urinary catheterization
passage of a flexible, tubular instrument through the urethra into the urinary bladder.
