chapter 21 pharmacology Flashcards
addiction
physical and psychological dependence on and craving for a drug.
additive action
drug action in which the combination of two similar drugs is equal to the sum of the effects of each.
aerosol
particles of drug suspended in air.
anaphylaxis
exaggerated hypersensitivity reaction to a previously encountered drug or foreign protein.
antagonistic action
combination of two drugs gives less than an additive effect.
antidote
agent given to counteract an unwanted effect of a drug.
brand name
commercial name for a drug; trademark or trade name.
chemical name
chemical formula for a drug.
contraindications
factors that prevent the use of a drug or treatment
controlled substances
drugs that produce tolerance and dependence and have potential for abuse or addiction.
dependence
prolonged use of a drug that may lead to physiologic need for its actions in the body.
dose
amount of drug administered, usually measured in milligrams
food and drug administration (FDA)
US government agency having the legal responsibility for enforcing proper drug manufacture and clinical use.
generic name
legal noncommercial name for a drug.
iatrogenic
condition caused by treatment (drugs or procedures) given by physicians or medical personnel.
idiosyncratic reaction
unexpected effect produced in a particularly sensitive patient but not seen in most people.
inhalation
administration of drugs in gaseous or vapor form through the nose or mouth.
medicinal chemistry
study of new drug synthesis; relationship between chemical structure and biological effects.
molecular pharmacology
study of interaction of drugs and their target molecules such as enzymes, or cell surface receptors.
oral administration
drugs are given by mouth.
parenteral administration
drugs are given by injection into the skin, muscles, or veins (any route other than through the digestive tract).
pharmacist
specialist in preparing and dispensing drugs.
pharmacy
location for preparing and dispensing drugs; also the study of preparing and dispensing drugs.
pharmacodynamics
study of the effects and strength of a drug within the body.
pharmacokinetics
study of drug concentration in tissues and body fluids over a period of time.
pharmacologist
specialist in the study of the properties, uses, and actions of drugs.
pharmacology
study of the preparation, properties, uses, and actions of drugs.
physicians’ desk reference (PDR)
reference book that lists drug products
receptor
target substance with which a drug interacts in the body.
rectal administration
drugs are inserted through the anus into the rectum.
resistance
lack of beneficial response; seen when drugs are unable to control the disease process.
response
desired and beneficial effect of a drug.
schedule
exact timing and frequency of drug administration.
side effect
adverse reaction, usually minor, that routinely results from the use of a drug.
sublingual administration
drugs are given by placement under the tongue.
synergism
combination of two drugs causes an effect that is greater than the sum of the individual effects of each drug alone.
syringe
instrument (tube) for introducing or withdrawing fluids from the body.
tolerance
larger and larger drug doses must be given to achieve the desired effect. The patient becomes resistant to the action of a drug as treatment progresses.
topical application
drugs are applied locally on the skin or mucous membranes of the body; ointments, creams, and lotions are applied topically.
toxicity
harmful effects of a drug.
toxicology
study of harmful chemicals and their effects on the body.
transport
movement of a drug across a cell membrane into body cells
United States Pharmacopeia (USP)
authoritative list of drugs, formulas, and preparations that sets a standard for drug manufacturing and dispensing.
vitamin
substance found in foods and essential in small quantities for growth and good health.
ACE inhibitor
lowers blood pressure. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II (a powerful vasoconstrictor).
amphetamine
central nervous system stimulant.
analgesic
relieves pain.
androgen
male hormone.
anesthetic
reduces or eliminates sensation; general and local.
angiotensin II receptor blocker
lowers blood pressure by preventing angiotensin from acting on receptors in blood vessels.
antacid
neutralizes acid in the stomach.
antiandrogen
slows the uptake of androgens or interferes with their effect in tissues.
antiarrhythmic
treats abnormal heart rhythms.
antibiotic
chemical substance, produced by a plant or microorganism, that has the ability to inhibit or destroy foreign organisms in the body.
anticoagulant
prevents blood clotting.
anticonvulsant
prevents convulsions (abnormal brain activity).
antidepressant
relieves symptoms of depression.
antidiabetic
drug given to prevent or treat diabetes mellitus.
antidiarrheal
prevents diarrhea.
antiemetic
prevents nausea and vomiting.
antihistamine
blocks the action of histamine and helps prevent symptoms of allergy.
antinauseant
relieves nausea and vomiting; antiemetic.
antiplatelet
reduces the tendency of platelets to stick together and form a clot.
antiulcer
inhibits the secretion of acid by cells lining the stomach.
antiviral
acts against viruses such as herpesviruses and HIV.
aromatase inhibitor
reduces estrogen in the blood by blocking the enzyme aromatase.
bactericidal
kills bacteria
bacteriostatic
inhibits bacterial growth
beta-blocker
blocks the action of epinephrine at sites on receptors of heart muscle cells, the muscle lining of blood vessels, and bronchial tubes; antiarrhythmic, antianginal, and antihypertensive.
biphosphonate
prevents bone loss in osteoporosis and osteopenia
caffeine
central nervous system stimulant
calcium channel blocker
blocks the entrance of calcium into heart muscle and muscle lining of blood vessels; used as an antiarrhythmic, antianginal, and antihypertensive; also called calcium antagonist.
cardiac glycoside
increases the force of contraction of the heart.
cardiovascular drug
acts on the heart and blood vessels. This category of drug includes ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, cholesterol-lowering drugs or statins, and diuretics.
cathartic
relieves constipation
cholesterol-binding drug
binds to dietary cholesterol and prevents its uptake from the gastrointestinal tract.
cholesterol-lowering drug
lowers cholesterol by preventing its production by the liver; statin.
diuretic
increases the production of urine and thus reduces the volume of fluid in the body; antihypertensive.
emetic
promotes vomiting.
endocrine drug
a hormone or hormone-like drug. Examples are androgens, estrogens, progestins, SERMs, thyroid hormone, and glucocorticoids.
estrogen
female hormone that promotes development of secondary sex characteristics and supports reproductive tissues.
gastrointestinal drug
relieves symptoms of diseases in the gastrointestinal tract.
glucocorticoid
hormone from the adrenal cortex that raises blood sugar and reduces inflammation.
hypnotic
produces sleep or a trance-like state.
laxative
weak cathartic.
narcotic
habit-forming drug (potent analgesic) that relieves pain by producing stupor or insensibility; morphine and opium are examples.
progestin
female hormone that stimulates the uterine lining during pregnancy and is also used in treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding and for hormone replacement therapy.
purgative
relieves constipation; strong cathartic
respiratory drug
treats asthma, emphysema, and infections of the respiratory system.
sedative
a mildly hypnotic drug that relaxes without necessarily producing sleep.
stimulant
excites and promotes activity.
thyroid hormone
stimulates cellular metabolism
tranquilizer
controls anxiety and severe disturbances of behavior.
aer/o
air
alges/o
sensitivity to pain
bronch/o
bronchial tube
chem/o
drug
cras/o
mixture
cutane/o
skin
derm/o
skin
erg/o
work
esthes/o
feeling, sensation
hist/o
tissue
hypn/o
sleep
iatr/o
treatment
lingu/o
tongue
myc/o
mold, fungus
narc/o
stupor
or/o
mouth
pharmac/o
drug
prurit/o
itching
pyret/o
fever
thec/o
sheath (of brain and spinal cord)
tox/o
poison
toxic/o
poison
vas/o
vessel
ven/o
vein
vit/o
life
ana-
upward, excessive, again
anti-
against
contra-
against, opposite
par-
other than, apart from
syn-
together, with
