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medical terminology > Chapter 12 respiratory system > Flashcards

Chapter 12 respiratory system Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

adenoids

A

lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx; pharyngeal tonsils

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2
Q

alveolus

A

air sac in the lung

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3
Q

apex of the lung

A

tip or uppermost portion of the lung. An apex is the tip of a structure. Apical means pertaining to (at) the apex.

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4
Q

base of the lung

A

lower portion of the lung

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5
Q

bronchioles

A

smallest branches of the bronchi. Terminal bronchioles lead to alveolar ducts.

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6
Q

bronchus

A

branch of the trachea (windpipe) that is a passageway into the lung; bronchial tube.

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7
Q

carbon dioxide

A

gas produced by body cells when oxygen and food combine; exhaled through the lungs.

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8
Q

cilia

A

thin hairs attached to the mucous membrane epithelium lining the respiratory tract. They clear bacteria and foreign substances from the lung. cigarette smoke impairs the function of cilia.

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9
Q

diaphragm

A

muscle separating the chest and abdomen. It contracts and relaxes to make breathing possible.

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10
Q

epiglottis

A

lid-like piece of cartilage that covers the larynx, preventing food from entering the larynx and trachea during swallowing.

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11
Q

expiration

A

breathing out (exhalation).

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12
Q

glottis

A

slit-like opening to the larynx

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13
Q

hilum (of the lung)

A

midline region where the bronchi, blood vessels, and nerves enter and exit the lungs. Hilar means pertaining to (at) the hilum.

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14
Q

inspiration

A

breathing in (inhalation).

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15
Q

larynx

A

voice box; containing the vocal cords.

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16
Q

lobe

A

division of a lung.

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17
Q

mediastinum

A

region between the lungs in the chest cavity. It contains the trachea, heart, aorta, esophagus, and bronchial tubes.

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18
Q

nares

A

openings through the nose carrying air into the nasal cavities.

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19
Q

oxygen

A

gas that passes into the bloodstream at the lungs and travels to all body cells.

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20
Q

palatine tonsil

A

one of a pair of almond-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue in the oropharynx (palatine means pertaining to the roof of the mouth).

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21
Q

paranasal sinus

A

one of the air cavities in the bones near the nose.

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22
Q

parietal pleura

A

outer fold of pleura lying closer to the ribs and chest wall.

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23
Q

pharynx

A

throat; including the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.

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24
Q

pleura

A

double-folded membrane surrounding each lung.

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25
Q

pleural cavity

A

space between the folds of the pleura

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26
Q

pulmonary parenchyma

A

essential parts of the lung, responsible for respiration; bronchioles and alveoli.

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27
Q

respiration

A

process of moving air into and out of the lungs; breathing

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28
Q

trachea

A

windpipe

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29
Q

visceral pleura

A

inner fold of pleura lying closer to the lung tissue.

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30
Q

adenoid/o

A

adenoids

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31
Q

alveol/o

A

alveolus, air sac

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32
Q

bronch/o

A

bronchial tube, bronchus

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33
Q

bronchiol/o

A

bronchiole, small bronchus

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34
Q

capn/o

A

carbon dioxide

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35
Q

coni/o

A

dust

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36
Q

cyan/o

A

blue

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37
Q

epiglott/o

A

epiglottis

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38
Q

laryng/o

A

larynx, voice box

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39
Q

lob/o

A

lobe of the lung

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40
Q

mediastin/o

A

mediastinum

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41
Q

nas/o

A

nose

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42
Q

orth/o

A

straight, upright

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43
Q

ox/o

A

oxygen

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44
Q

pector/o

A

chest

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45
Q

pharyng/o

A

pharynx, throat

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46
Q

phon/o

A

voice

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47
Q

phren/o

A

diaphragm

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48
Q

pleur/o

A

pleura

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49
Q

pneum/o, pheumon/o

A

air, lung

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50
Q

pulmon/o

A

lung

51
Q

rhin/o

A

nose

52
Q

sinus/o

A

sinus, cavity

53
Q

spir/o

A

breathing

54
Q

tel/o

A

complete

55
Q

thorac/o

A

chest

56
Q

tonsill/o

A

tonsils

57
Q

trache/o

A

trachea, windpipe

58
Q

-ema

A

condition

59
Q

-osmia

A

smell

60
Q

-pnea

A

breathing

61
Q

-ptysis

A

spitting

62
Q

-sphyxia

A

pulse

63
Q

-thorax

A

pleural cavity, chest

64
Q

auscultation

A

listening to sounds within the body.

65
Q

percussion

A

tapping on a surface to determine the difference in the density of the underlying structure.

66
Q

pleural rub

A

scratchy sound produced by pleural surfaces rubbing against each other.

67
Q

rales (crackles)

A

fine crackling sounds heard on auscultation (during inhalation) when there is fluid in the alveoli.

68
Q

rhonchi

A

loud rumbling sounds heard on auscultation of bronchi obstructed by sputum.

69
Q

sputum

A

material expelled from the bronchi, lungs, or upper respiratory tract by spitting.

70
Q

stridor

A

strained, high-pitched sound heard on inspiration caused by obstruction in the pharynx or larynx.

71
Q

wheezes

A

continuous high-pitch whistling sounds produced during breathing.

72
Q

croup

A

acute viral infection of infants and children with obstruction of the larynx, barking cough, and stridor. most common cause is RSV

73
Q

diphtheria

A

acute infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract caused by the diphtheria bacterium (Corynebacterium).

74
Q

epistaxis

A

nosebleed.

75
Q

pertussis

A

whooping cough; highly contagious bacterial infection of the pharynx, larynx, and trachea caused by Bordetella pertussis.

76
Q

asthma

A

chronic bronchial inflammatory disorder with airway obstruction due to bronchial edema and constriction and increased mucus production.

77
Q

bronchiectasis

A

chronic dilation of a bronchus secondary to infection.

78
Q

chronic bronchitis

A

inflammation of bronchi persisting over a long time; type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

79
Q

cystic fibrosis (CF)

A

inherited disorder of exocrine glands resulting in thick mucous secretions in the respiratory tract that do not drain normally.

80
Q

atelectasis

A

collapsed lung; incomplete expansion of alveoli

81
Q

emphysema

A

hyperinflation of air sacs with destruction of alveolar walls

82
Q

lung cancer

A

malignant tumor arising from the lungs and bronchi

83
Q

pneumoconiosis

A

abnormal condition caused by dust in the lungs, with chronic inflammation, infection, and bronchitis

84
Q

pneumonia

A

acute inflammation and infection of alveoli, which fill with pus or products of the inflammatory reaction

85
Q

pulmonary abscess

A

large collection of pus (bacterial infection) in the lungs.

86
Q

pulmonary edema

A

fluid in the air sacs and bronchioles

87
Q

pulmonary embolism (PE)

A

clot or other material lodges in vessels of the lung.

88
Q

pulmonary fibrosis

A

formation of scar tissue in the connective tissue of the lungs.

89
Q

sarcoidosis

A

chronic inflammatory disease in which small nodules (granulomas) develop in lungs, lymph nodes, and other organs.

90
Q

tuberculosis (TB)

A

infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis; lungs usually are involved, but any organ in the body may be affected.

91
Q

mesothelioma

A

rare malignant tumor arising in the pleura.

92
Q

pleural effusion

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space (cavity).

93
Q

pleurisy (pleuritis)

A

inflammation of the pleura

94
Q

pneumothorax

A

collection of air in the pleural space

95
Q

anthracosis

A

coal dust accumulation in the lungs

96
Q

asbestosis

A

asbestos particles accumulate in the lungs

97
Q

bacilli

A

rod-shaped bacteria (cause of tuberculosis).

98
Q

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A

chronic condition of persistent obstruction of airflow through bronchial tubes and lungs.

99
Q

cor pulmonale

A

failure of the right side of the heart to pump a sufficient amount of blood to the lungs because of underlying lung disease.

100
Q

exudate

A

fluid, cells, and other substances (pus) that filter from cells or capillaries ooze into lesions or areas of inflammation.

101
Q

hydrothorax

A

collection of fluid in the pleural cavity.

102
Q

infiltrate

A

collection of fluid or other material within the lung, as seen on a chest film, CT scan, or other radiologic image.

103
Q

palliative

A

relieving symptoms, but not curing the disease.

104
Q

paroxysmal

A

pertaining to a sudden occurrence, such as a spasm or seizure; oxysm/o means sudden

105
Q

pulmonary infarction

A

area of necrosis (death of lung tissue).

106
Q

purulent

A

containing pus

107
Q

silicosis

A

disease due to silica or glass dust in the lungs; occurs in mining occupations.

108
Q

chest x-ray (CXR)

A

radiographic image of the thoracic cavity (chest film)

109
Q

computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest

A

computer-generated series of x-ray images show thoracic structures in cross section and other planes.

110
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the chest

A

magnetic waves create detailed images of the chest in frontal, lateral, and cross-sectional (axial) planes.

111
Q

positron emission tomography (PET) scan of the lung

A

radioactive glucose is injected and images reveal metabolic activity in the lungs.

112
Q

ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan

A

detection device records radioactivity in the lung after injection of a radioisotope or inhalation of small amount of radioactive gas (xenon).

113
Q

bronchoscopy

A

fiberoptic endoscope examination of the bronchial tubes.

114
Q

endotracheal intubation

A

placement of a tube through the mouth into the pharynx, larynx, and trachea to establish an airway.

115
Q

laryngoscopy

A

visual examination of the voice box.

116
Q

lung biopsy

A

removal of lung tissue followed by microscopic examination.

117
Q

mediastinoscopy

A

endoscopic visual examination of the mediastinum.

118
Q

pulmonary function tests (PFTs)

A

tests that measure the ventilation mechanics of the lungs (airway function, lung volume, and capacity of the lungs to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide efficiently).

119
Q

thoracentesis

A

surgical puncture to remove fluid from the pleural space.

120
Q

thoracotomy

A

large surgical incision of the chest.

121
Q

thoracoscopy

A

visual examination of the chest via small incisions and use of an endoscope.

122
Q

tracheostomy

A

surgical creation of an opening into the trachea through the neck.

123
Q

tuberculin test

A

determines past or present tuberculous infection based on a positive skin reaction.

124
Q

tube thoracostomy

A

chest tube is passed through an opening in the chest to continuously drain a pleural effusion.

medical terminology (18 decks)

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