Chapter 12 respiratory system Flashcards
adenoids
lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx; pharyngeal tonsils
alveolus
air sac in the lung
apex of the lung
tip or uppermost portion of the lung. An apex is the tip of a structure. Apical means pertaining to (at) the apex.
base of the lung
lower portion of the lung
bronchioles
smallest branches of the bronchi. Terminal bronchioles lead to alveolar ducts.
bronchus
branch of the trachea (windpipe) that is a passageway into the lung; bronchial tube.
carbon dioxide
gas produced by body cells when oxygen and food combine; exhaled through the lungs.
cilia
thin hairs attached to the mucous membrane epithelium lining the respiratory tract. They clear bacteria and foreign substances from the lung. cigarette smoke impairs the function of cilia.
diaphragm
muscle separating the chest and abdomen. It contracts and relaxes to make breathing possible.
epiglottis
lid-like piece of cartilage that covers the larynx, preventing food from entering the larynx and trachea during swallowing.
expiration
breathing out (exhalation).
glottis
slit-like opening to the larynx
hilum (of the lung)
midline region where the bronchi, blood vessels, and nerves enter and exit the lungs. Hilar means pertaining to (at) the hilum.
inspiration
breathing in (inhalation).
larynx
voice box; containing the vocal cords.
lobe
division of a lung.
mediastinum
region between the lungs in the chest cavity. It contains the trachea, heart, aorta, esophagus, and bronchial tubes.
nares
openings through the nose carrying air into the nasal cavities.
oxygen
gas that passes into the bloodstream at the lungs and travels to all body cells.
palatine tonsil
one of a pair of almond-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue in the oropharynx (palatine means pertaining to the roof of the mouth).
paranasal sinus
one of the air cavities in the bones near the nose.
parietal pleura
outer fold of pleura lying closer to the ribs and chest wall.
pharynx
throat; including the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
pleura
double-folded membrane surrounding each lung.
pleural cavity
space between the folds of the pleura
pulmonary parenchyma
essential parts of the lung, responsible for respiration; bronchioles and alveoli.
respiration
process of moving air into and out of the lungs; breathing
trachea
windpipe
visceral pleura
inner fold of pleura lying closer to the lung tissue.
adenoid/o
adenoids
alveol/o
alveolus, air sac
bronch/o
bronchial tube, bronchus
bronchiol/o
bronchiole, small bronchus
capn/o
carbon dioxide
coni/o
dust
cyan/o
blue
epiglott/o
epiglottis
laryng/o
larynx, voice box
lob/o
lobe of the lung
mediastin/o
mediastinum
nas/o
nose
orth/o
straight, upright
ox/o
oxygen
pector/o
chest
pharyng/o
pharynx, throat
phon/o
voice
phren/o
diaphragm
pleur/o
pleura
pneum/o, pheumon/o
air, lung
pulmon/o
lung
rhin/o
nose
sinus/o
sinus, cavity
spir/o
breathing
tel/o
complete
thorac/o
chest
tonsill/o
tonsils
trache/o
trachea, windpipe
-ema
condition
-osmia
smell
-pnea
breathing
-ptysis
spitting
-sphyxia
pulse
-thorax
pleural cavity, chest
auscultation
listening to sounds within the body.
percussion
tapping on a surface to determine the difference in the density of the underlying structure.
pleural rub
scratchy sound produced by pleural surfaces rubbing against each other.
rales (crackles)
fine crackling sounds heard on auscultation (during inhalation) when there is fluid in the alveoli.
rhonchi
loud rumbling sounds heard on auscultation of bronchi obstructed by sputum.
sputum
material expelled from the bronchi, lungs, or upper respiratory tract by spitting.
stridor
strained, high-pitched sound heard on inspiration caused by obstruction in the pharynx or larynx.
wheezes
continuous high-pitch whistling sounds produced during breathing.
croup
acute viral infection of infants and children with obstruction of the larynx, barking cough, and stridor. most common cause is RSV
diphtheria
acute infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract caused by the diphtheria bacterium (Corynebacterium).
epistaxis
nosebleed.
pertussis
whooping cough; highly contagious bacterial infection of the pharynx, larynx, and trachea caused by Bordetella pertussis.
asthma
chronic bronchial inflammatory disorder with airway obstruction due to bronchial edema and constriction and increased mucus production.
bronchiectasis
chronic dilation of a bronchus secondary to infection.
chronic bronchitis
inflammation of bronchi persisting over a long time; type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
cystic fibrosis (CF)
inherited disorder of exocrine glands resulting in thick mucous secretions in the respiratory tract that do not drain normally.
atelectasis
collapsed lung; incomplete expansion of alveoli
emphysema
hyperinflation of air sacs with destruction of alveolar walls
lung cancer
malignant tumor arising from the lungs and bronchi
pneumoconiosis
abnormal condition caused by dust in the lungs, with chronic inflammation, infection, and bronchitis
pneumonia
acute inflammation and infection of alveoli, which fill with pus or products of the inflammatory reaction
pulmonary abscess
large collection of pus (bacterial infection) in the lungs.
pulmonary edema
fluid in the air sacs and bronchioles
pulmonary embolism (PE)
clot or other material lodges in vessels of the lung.
pulmonary fibrosis
formation of scar tissue in the connective tissue of the lungs.
sarcoidosis
chronic inflammatory disease in which small nodules (granulomas) develop in lungs, lymph nodes, and other organs.
tuberculosis (TB)
infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis; lungs usually are involved, but any organ in the body may be affected.
mesothelioma
rare malignant tumor arising in the pleura.
pleural effusion
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space (cavity).
pleurisy (pleuritis)
inflammation of the pleura
pneumothorax
collection of air in the pleural space
anthracosis
coal dust accumulation in the lungs
asbestosis
asbestos particles accumulate in the lungs
bacilli
rod-shaped bacteria (cause of tuberculosis).
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
chronic condition of persistent obstruction of airflow through bronchial tubes and lungs.
cor pulmonale
failure of the right side of the heart to pump a sufficient amount of blood to the lungs because of underlying lung disease.
exudate
fluid, cells, and other substances (pus) that filter from cells or capillaries ooze into lesions or areas of inflammation.
hydrothorax
collection of fluid in the pleural cavity.
infiltrate
collection of fluid or other material within the lung, as seen on a chest film, CT scan, or other radiologic image.
palliative
relieving symptoms, but not curing the disease.
paroxysmal
pertaining to a sudden occurrence, such as a spasm or seizure; oxysm/o means sudden
pulmonary infarction
area of necrosis (death of lung tissue).
purulent
containing pus
silicosis
disease due to silica or glass dust in the lungs; occurs in mining occupations.
chest x-ray (CXR)
radiographic image of the thoracic cavity (chest film)
computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest
computer-generated series of x-ray images show thoracic structures in cross section and other planes.
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the chest
magnetic waves create detailed images of the chest in frontal, lateral, and cross-sectional (axial) planes.
positron emission tomography (PET) scan of the lung
radioactive glucose is injected and images reveal metabolic activity in the lungs.
ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan
detection device records radioactivity in the lung after injection of a radioisotope or inhalation of small amount of radioactive gas (xenon).
bronchoscopy
fiberoptic endoscope examination of the bronchial tubes.
endotracheal intubation
placement of a tube through the mouth into the pharynx, larynx, and trachea to establish an airway.
laryngoscopy
visual examination of the voice box.
lung biopsy
removal of lung tissue followed by microscopic examination.
mediastinoscopy
endoscopic visual examination of the mediastinum.
pulmonary function tests (PFTs)
tests that measure the ventilation mechanics of the lungs (airway function, lung volume, and capacity of the lungs to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide efficiently).
thoracentesis
surgical puncture to remove fluid from the pleural space.
thoracotomy
large surgical incision of the chest.
thoracoscopy
visual examination of the chest via small incisions and use of an endoscope.
tracheostomy
surgical creation of an opening into the trachea through the neck.
tuberculin test
determines past or present tuberculous infection based on a positive skin reaction.
tube thoracostomy
chest tube is passed through an opening in the chest to continuously drain a pleural effusion.
