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medical terminology > chapter 5 digestive system > Flashcards

chapter 5 digestive system Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

gastrointestinal tract

A

digestive tract that begins with the mouth and ends with the anus.

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2
Q

four functions of the gastrointestinal tract

A

ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination

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3
Q

digested

A

broken down mechanically and chemically

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4
Q

enzymes

A

speed up chemical reactions and aid the breakdown of complex nutrients

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5
Q

amino acids

A

complex proteins are digested to simpler AA

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6
Q

glucose

A

complicated sugars are reduced to simple sugars such as glucose

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7
Q

triglycerides

A

three parts fatty acid and one part glycerol

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8
Q

absorption

A

digested food passes through the lining cells or epithelium of the small intestine and into the bloodstream.

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9
Q

elimination

A

elimination of the solid waste materials that cannot be absorbed into the bloodstream. the large intestine concentrates these solid wastes, feces, and passes it out of the body

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10
Q

amylase

A

enzyme secreted by the pancreas to digest starch

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11
Q

anus

A

terminal end or opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body

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12
Q

appendix

A

blind pouch hanging from the cecum in RLQ

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13
Q

bile

A

digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. it breaks up large fat globules. Bile originally was called gall because of the bitter taste. it is composed of bile pigments, cholesterol, and bile salts

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14
Q

bilirubin

A

pigment released by liver in bile

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15
Q

bowel

A

intestine

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16
Q

canine teeth

A

pointed, dog like teeth next to the incisors.

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17
Q

cecum

A

first part of the large intestine

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18
Q

colon

A

large intestine, consisting of the cecum; the ascending, transverse, and descending segments of the colon; and the rectum

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19
Q

common bile duct

A

carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum

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20
Q

defecation

A

elimination of feces from the digestive tract through the anus.

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21
Q

deglutition

A

swallowing

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22
Q

dentin

A

primary material found in teeth. it is covered by the enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root.

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23
Q

digestion

A

breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms

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24
Q

duodenum

A

first part of the small intestine. Duo=2 den=10, it’s 12 inches long

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25
Q

emulsification

A

physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules, thereby increasing the surface area that enzymes can use to digest the fat.

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26
Q

enamel

A

hard, outermost layer of a tooth

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27
Q

esophagus

A

tube connecting the throat to the stomach

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28
Q

fatty acids

A

substances produced when fats are digested

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29
Q

feces

A

sold waste, stool

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30
Q

gallbladder

A

small sac under the liver; stores bile.

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31
Q

glucose

A

simple sugar

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32
Q

glycogen

A

starch; glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells

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33
Q

hydrochloric acid

A

substance produced by the stomach; necessary for digestion of food.

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34
Q

ileum

A

third part of the small intestine; from the greek eilos, meaning twisted. when the abdomen was viewed at autopsy, the intestine appeared twisted, and the ileum often was an area of obstruction

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35
Q

incisor

A

one of four front teeth in the dental arch

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36
Q

insulin

A

hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the pancreas. it transports sugar from the blood into cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the liver.

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37
Q

jejunum

A

second part of the small intestine. the latin jejunus means empty; this part of the intestine was always empty when a body was examed after death.

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38
Q

lipase

A

pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats

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39
Q

liver

A

a large organ located in the RUQ of the abdomen. the liver secretes bile; stores sugar, iron, and vitamins; produces blood proteins; and destroys worn-out red blood cells. the normal adult liver weighs about 2.5 to 3 pounds.

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40
Q

lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

A

ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach. also called the cardiac sphincter

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41
Q

mastication

A

chewing

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42
Q

molar teeth

A

the sixth, seventh, and eighth teeth from the middle on either side of the dental arch. Premolar teeth are the fourth and fifth teeth, before the molars.

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43
Q

palate

A

roof of the mouth. the hard palate lies anterior to the soft palate and is supported by the upper jawbone (maxilla). the soft palate is the posterior fleshy part between the mouth and the throat.

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44
Q

pancreas

A

organ under the stomach; produces insulin (for transport of sugar into cells) and enzymes (for digestion of foods)

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45
Q

papillae

A

small elevations on the tongue. a papilla is a nipple-like elevation.

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46
Q

parotid gland

A

salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear.

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47
Q

peristalsis

A

rhythmic contractions of the tubular organs. in the GI tract, peristalsis moves the contents through at different rates: stomach, 0.5-2 hrs; small intestine, 2-6 hrs; colon, 6-72 hrs.

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48
Q

pharynx

A

throat, the common passageway for food from the mouth and for air from the nose.

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49
Q

portal vein

A

large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines

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50
Q

protease

A

enzyme that digests protein.

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51
Q

pulp

A

soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels

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52
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

ring of muscle at the end of the stomach, near the duodenum. It is normally closed, but opens when a wave of peristalsis passes over it.

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53
Q

pylorus

A

distal region of the stomach, opening to the duodenum.

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54
Q

rectum

A

last section of the large intestine, connecting the end of the colon and the anus.

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55
Q

rugae

A

ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach.

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56
Q

saliva

A

digestive juice produced by salivary glands.

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57
Q

salivary glands

A

parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands

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58
Q

sigmoid colon

A

fourth and last, S-shaped segment of the colon, just before the rectum; empties into the rectum.

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59
Q

sphincter

A

circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening.

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60
Q

stomach

A

muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus. the stomach’s parts are the fundus, body, and antrum.

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61
Q

triglycerides

A

fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acids and one part glycerol.

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62
Q

uvula

A

soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate.

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63
Q

villi

A

microscopic projections in the wall of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream.

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64
Q

an/o

A

anus

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65
Q

append/o, appendic/o

A

appendix

66
Q

bucc/o

A

cheek

67
Q

cec/o

A

cecum

68
Q

celi/o

A

belly, abdomen

69
Q

cheil/o

A

lip

70
Q

cholecyst/o

A

gallbladder

71
Q

choledoch/o

A

common bile duct

72
Q

col/o

A

colon, large intestine

73
Q

colon/o

A

colon

74
Q

dent/i

A

tooth

75
Q

duoden/o

A

duodenum

76
Q

enter/o

A

intestines

77
Q

esophag/o

A

esophagus

78
Q

faci/o

A

face

79
Q

gastr/o

A

stomach

80
Q

gingiv/o

A

gums

81
Q

gloss/o

A

tongue

82
Q

hepat/o

A

liver

83
Q

ile/o

A

ileum

84
Q

jejun/o

A

jejunum

85
Q

labi/o

A

lips

86
Q

lapar/o

A

abdomen

87
Q

lingu/o

A

tongue

88
Q

mandibul/o

A

lower jaw, mandible

89
Q

odont/o

A

tooth

90
Q

or/o

A

mouth

91
Q

palat/o

A

palate

92
Q

pancreat/o

A

pancreas

93
Q

peritone/o

A

peritoneum

94
Q

pharyng/o

A

throat

95
Q

proct/o

A

anus and rectum

96
Q

pylor/o

A

pyloric sphincter

97
Q

rect/o

A

rectum

98
Q

sialaden/o

A

salivary gland

99
Q

sigmoid/o

A

sigmoid colon

100
Q

stomat/o

A

mouth

101
Q

uvul/o

A

uvula

102
Q

amyl/o

A

starch

103
Q

bil/i

A

gall, bile

104
Q

bilirubin/o

A

bilirubin

105
Q

chol/e

A

gall, bile

106
Q

chlorhydr/o

A

hydrochloric acid

107
Q

gluc/o

A

sugar

108
Q

glyc/o

A

sugar

109
Q

glycogen/o

A

glycogen, animal starch

110
Q

lip/o

A

fat, lipid

111
Q

lith/o

A

stone

112
Q

prote/o

A

protein

113
Q

sial/o

A

saliva, salivary

114
Q

steat/o

A

fat

115
Q

-ase

A

enzyme

116
Q

-chezia

A

defecation, elimination of wastes

117
Q

-iasis

A

abnormal condition

118
Q

-prandial

A

meal

119
Q

anorexia

A

lack of appetite, a sign of malignancy or liver disease.

120
Q

ascites

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen. fluid passes from the bloodstream and collects in the peritoneal cavity.

121
Q

borborygmus

A

rumbling or gurgling noise produced by the movement of gas, fluid, or both in the gastrointestinal tract.

122
Q

constipation

A

difficulty in passing stools.

123
Q

diarrhea

A

frequent passage of loose, watery stools

124
Q

dysphagia

A

difficulty in swallowing.

125
Q

eructation

A

gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth (belching)

126
Q

flatus

A

gas expelled through the anus (flatulence)

127
Q

hematochezia

A

passage of fresh, bright red blood from the rectum.

128
Q

jaundice (icterus)

A

yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood (hyperbilirubinemia)

129
Q

melena

A

black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood.

130
Q

nausea

A

unpleasant sensation in the stomach associated with a tendency to vomit.

131
Q

steatorrhea

A

fat in the feces; frothy, foul-smelling fecal matter.

132
Q

aphthous stomatitis

A

inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers, canker sores

133
Q

dental caries

A

tooth decay

134
Q

herpetic stomatitis

A

inflammation of the mouth caused by infection with the hyerpesvirus.

135
Q

oral leukoplakia

A

white plaques or patches on the mucosa of the mouth.

136
Q

periodontal disease

A

inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone.

137
Q

achalasia

A

failure of the lower esophagus sphincter muscle to relax.

138
Q

esophageal cancer

A

malignant tumor of the esophagus.

139
Q

esophageal varices

A

swollen, varicose veins at the lower end of the esophagus.

140
Q

gastric cancer

A

malignant tumor of the stomach

141
Q

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

A

solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach.

142
Q

hernia

A

protrusion of an organ or part through the muscle normally containing it.

143
Q

peptic ulcer

A

open sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum

144
Q

anal fistula

A

abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus

145
Q

colonic polyps

A

polyps (benign growths) protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon.

146
Q

colorectal cancer

A

adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum or both.

147
Q

crohn disease (crohn’s)

A

chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract (terminal ileum and colon).

148
Q

diverticulosis

A

abnormal outpouchings in the intestinal wall

149
Q

dysentery

A

painful, inflamed intestines commonly caused by bacterial infection.

150
Q

hemorrhoids

A

swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region.

151
Q

ileus

A

loss of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines.

152
Q

intussusception

A

telescoping of the intestines

153
Q

irritable bowel syndrome

A

group of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with stress and tension.

154
Q

ulcerative colitis

A

chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers.

155
Q

volvulus

A

twisting of the intestine on itself

156
Q

cholelithiasis

A

gallstones in the bladder

157
Q

cirrhosis

A

chronic degenerative disease of the liver.

158
Q

pancreatic cancer

A

malignant tumor of the pancreas

159
Q

pancreatitis

A

inflammation of the pancreas

160
Q

viral hepatitis

A

inflammation of the liver caused by a virus

medical terminology (18 decks)

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