chapter 5 digestive system Flashcards
gastrointestinal tract
digestive tract that begins with the mouth and ends with the anus.
four functions of the gastrointestinal tract
ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination
digested
broken down mechanically and chemically
enzymes
speed up chemical reactions and aid the breakdown of complex nutrients
amino acids
complex proteins are digested to simpler AA
glucose
complicated sugars are reduced to simple sugars such as glucose
triglycerides
three parts fatty acid and one part glycerol
absorption
digested food passes through the lining cells or epithelium of the small intestine and into the bloodstream.
elimination
elimination of the solid waste materials that cannot be absorbed into the bloodstream. the large intestine concentrates these solid wastes, feces, and passes it out of the body
amylase
enzyme secreted by the pancreas to digest starch
anus
terminal end or opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body
appendix
blind pouch hanging from the cecum in RLQ
bile
digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. it breaks up large fat globules. Bile originally was called gall because of the bitter taste. it is composed of bile pigments, cholesterol, and bile salts
bilirubin
pigment released by liver in bile
bowel
intestine
canine teeth
pointed, dog like teeth next to the incisors.
cecum
first part of the large intestine
colon
large intestine, consisting of the cecum; the ascending, transverse, and descending segments of the colon; and the rectum
common bile duct
carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum
defecation
elimination of feces from the digestive tract through the anus.
deglutition
swallowing
dentin
primary material found in teeth. it is covered by the enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root.
digestion
breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms
duodenum
first part of the small intestine. Duo=2 den=10, it’s 12 inches long
emulsification
physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules, thereby increasing the surface area that enzymes can use to digest the fat.
enamel
hard, outermost layer of a tooth
esophagus
tube connecting the throat to the stomach
fatty acids
substances produced when fats are digested
feces
sold waste, stool
gallbladder
small sac under the liver; stores bile.
glucose
simple sugar
glycogen
starch; glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells
hydrochloric acid
substance produced by the stomach; necessary for digestion of food.
ileum
third part of the small intestine; from the greek eilos, meaning twisted. when the abdomen was viewed at autopsy, the intestine appeared twisted, and the ileum often was an area of obstruction
incisor
one of four front teeth in the dental arch
insulin
hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the pancreas. it transports sugar from the blood into cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the liver.
jejunum
second part of the small intestine. the latin jejunus means empty; this part of the intestine was always empty when a body was examed after death.
lipase
pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats
liver
a large organ located in the RUQ of the abdomen. the liver secretes bile; stores sugar, iron, and vitamins; produces blood proteins; and destroys worn-out red blood cells. the normal adult liver weighs about 2.5 to 3 pounds.
lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach. also called the cardiac sphincter
mastication
chewing
molar teeth
the sixth, seventh, and eighth teeth from the middle on either side of the dental arch. Premolar teeth are the fourth and fifth teeth, before the molars.
palate
roof of the mouth. the hard palate lies anterior to the soft palate and is supported by the upper jawbone (maxilla). the soft palate is the posterior fleshy part between the mouth and the throat.
pancreas
organ under the stomach; produces insulin (for transport of sugar into cells) and enzymes (for digestion of foods)
papillae
small elevations on the tongue. a papilla is a nipple-like elevation.
parotid gland
salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear.
peristalsis
rhythmic contractions of the tubular organs. in the GI tract, peristalsis moves the contents through at different rates: stomach, 0.5-2 hrs; small intestine, 2-6 hrs; colon, 6-72 hrs.
pharynx
throat, the common passageway for food from the mouth and for air from the nose.
portal vein
large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines
protease
enzyme that digests protein.
pulp
soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels
pyloric sphincter
ring of muscle at the end of the stomach, near the duodenum. It is normally closed, but opens when a wave of peristalsis passes over it.
pylorus
distal region of the stomach, opening to the duodenum.
rectum
last section of the large intestine, connecting the end of the colon and the anus.
rugae
ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach.
saliva
digestive juice produced by salivary glands.
salivary glands
parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands
sigmoid colon
fourth and last, S-shaped segment of the colon, just before the rectum; empties into the rectum.
sphincter
circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening.
stomach
muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus. the stomach’s parts are the fundus, body, and antrum.
triglycerides
fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acids and one part glycerol.
uvula
soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate.
villi
microscopic projections in the wall of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream.
an/o
anus
append/o, appendic/o
appendix
bucc/o
cheek
cec/o
cecum
celi/o
belly, abdomen
cheil/o
lip
cholecyst/o
gallbladder
choledoch/o
common bile duct
col/o
colon, large intestine
colon/o
colon
dent/i
tooth
duoden/o
duodenum
enter/o
intestines
esophag/o
esophagus
faci/o
face
gastr/o
stomach
gingiv/o
gums
gloss/o
tongue
hepat/o
liver
ile/o
ileum
jejun/o
jejunum
labi/o
lips
lapar/o
abdomen
lingu/o
tongue
mandibul/o
lower jaw, mandible
odont/o
tooth
or/o
mouth
palat/o
palate
pancreat/o
pancreas
peritone/o
peritoneum
pharyng/o
throat
proct/o
anus and rectum
pylor/o
pyloric sphincter
rect/o
rectum
sialaden/o
salivary gland
sigmoid/o
sigmoid colon
stomat/o
mouth
uvul/o
uvula
amyl/o
starch
bil/i
gall, bile
bilirubin/o
bilirubin
chol/e
gall, bile
chlorhydr/o
hydrochloric acid
gluc/o
sugar
glyc/o
sugar
glycogen/o
glycogen, animal starch
lip/o
fat, lipid
lith/o
stone
prote/o
protein
sial/o
saliva, salivary
steat/o
fat
-ase
enzyme
-chezia
defecation, elimination of wastes
-iasis
abnormal condition
-prandial
meal
anorexia
lack of appetite, a sign of malignancy or liver disease.
ascites
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen. fluid passes from the bloodstream and collects in the peritoneal cavity.
borborygmus
rumbling or gurgling noise produced by the movement of gas, fluid, or both in the gastrointestinal tract.
constipation
difficulty in passing stools.
diarrhea
frequent passage of loose, watery stools
dysphagia
difficulty in swallowing.
eructation
gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth (belching)
flatus
gas expelled through the anus (flatulence)
hematochezia
passage of fresh, bright red blood from the rectum.
jaundice (icterus)
yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood (hyperbilirubinemia)
melena
black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood.
nausea
unpleasant sensation in the stomach associated with a tendency to vomit.
steatorrhea
fat in the feces; frothy, foul-smelling fecal matter.
aphthous stomatitis
inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers, canker sores
dental caries
tooth decay
herpetic stomatitis
inflammation of the mouth caused by infection with the hyerpesvirus.
oral leukoplakia
white plaques or patches on the mucosa of the mouth.
periodontal disease
inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone.
achalasia
failure of the lower esophagus sphincter muscle to relax.
esophageal cancer
malignant tumor of the esophagus.
esophageal varices
swollen, varicose veins at the lower end of the esophagus.
gastric cancer
malignant tumor of the stomach
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach.
hernia
protrusion of an organ or part through the muscle normally containing it.
peptic ulcer
open sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum
anal fistula
abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus
colonic polyps
polyps (benign growths) protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon.
colorectal cancer
adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum or both.
crohn disease (crohn’s)
chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract (terminal ileum and colon).
diverticulosis
abnormal outpouchings in the intestinal wall
dysentery
painful, inflamed intestines commonly caused by bacterial infection.
hemorrhoids
swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region.
ileus
loss of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines.
intussusception
telescoping of the intestines
irritable bowel syndrome
group of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with stress and tension.
ulcerative colitis
chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers.
volvulus
twisting of the intestine on itself
cholelithiasis
gallstones in the bladder
cirrhosis
chronic degenerative disease of the liver.
pancreatic cancer
malignant tumor of the pancreas
pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas
viral hepatitis
inflammation of the liver caused by a virus
