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medical terminology > Chapter 18 Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Endocrine System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

adrenal cortex

A

outer section (cortex) of each adrenal gland; secretes cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones.

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2
Q

adrenal medulla

A

inner section (medulla) of each adrenal gland; secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

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3
Q

ovaries

A

located in the lower abdomen of a female; responsible for egg production and estrogen and progesterone secretion.

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4
Q

pancreas

A

located behind the stomach. Islet (alpha and beta) cells (islet of Langerhans) secrete hormones from the pancreas. The pancreas also contains cells that are exocrine in function. They secrete enzymes, via a duct into the small intestine to aid digestion.

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5
Q

parathyroid glands

A

four small glands on the posterior of the thyroid gland. Some people may have three or five parathyroid glands.

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6
Q

pituitary gland (hypophysis)

A

located at the base of the brain in the sella turcica; composed of an anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and a posterior lobe (neurohypophysis).

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7
Q

testes

A

two glands enclosed in the scrotal sac of a male; responsible for sperm production and testosterone secretion.

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8
Q

thyroid gland

A

located in the neck on either side of the trachea; secretes thyroxine.

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9
Q

adrenaline (epinephrine)

A

secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure.

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10
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis); also called adrenocorticotropin. ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex.

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11
Q

aldosterone

A

secreted by the adrenal cortex; increases salt (sodium) reabsorption.

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12
Q

androgen

A

male hormone secreted by the testes and to a lesser extent by the adrenal cortex; testosterone is an example.

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13
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (neurohypophysis). ADH (vasopressin) increases reabsorption of water by the kidney.

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14
Q

calcitonin

A

secreted by the thyroid gland; decreases blood calcium levels.

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15
Q

cortisol

A

secreted by the adrenal cortex; increases blood sugar. It is secreted in times of stress and has an anti-inflammatory effect.

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16
Q

epinephrine (adrenaline)

A

secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure and dilates airways (sympathomimetic). It is part of the body’s “fight or flight” reaction.

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17
Q

estradiol

A

estrogen (female hormone) secreted by the ovaries.

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18
Q

estrogen

A

female hormone secreted by the ovaries and to a lesser extent by the adrenal cortex. Examples are estradiol and estrone.

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19
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis). FSH stimulates hormone secretion and egg production by the ovaries and sperm production by the testes.

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20
Q

glucagon

A

secreted by alpha islet cells of the pancreas; increases blood sugar by conversion of glycogen (starch) to glucose.

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21
Q

growth hormone (GH); somatotropin

A

secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis); stimulates growth of bones and soft tissues.

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22
Q

insulin

A

secreted by beta islet cells of the pancreas. Insulin helps glucose (sugar) to pass into cells, and it promotes the conversion of glucose to glycogen.

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23
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis); stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone secretion in males.

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24
Q

norepinephrine

A

secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure (sympathomimetic).

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25
Q

oxytocin (OT)

A

secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (neurohypophysis); stimulates contraction of the uterus during labor and childbirth.

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26
Q

parathormone (PTH)

A

secreted by the parathyroid glands; increases blood calcium.

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27
Q

progesterone

A

secreted by the ovaries; prepares the uterus for pregnancy.

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28
Q

prolactin (PRL)

A

secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis); promotes milk secretion.

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29
Q

somatotropin (STH)

A

secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis): growth hormone

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30
Q

testosterone

A

male hormone secreted by the testes.

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31
Q

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH); thyrotropin

A

secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis). TSH acts on the thyroid gland to promote its functioning.

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32
Q

thyroxine (T4)

A

secreted by the thyroid gland; also called tetraiodothyronine. T4 increases metabolism in cells.

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33
Q

triiodothyronine (T3)

A

secreted by the thyroid gland; T3 increases metabolism in cells.

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34
Q

vasopressin

A

secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (neurohypophysis); antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

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35
Q

catecholamines

A

hormones derived from an amino acid and secreted by the adrenal medulla. epinephrine is a catecholamine.

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36
Q

corticosteroids

A

hormones (steroids) produced by the adrenal cortex. Examples are cortisol (raises sugar levels), aldosterone (raises salt reabsorption by kidneys), and androgens and estrogens (sex hormones).

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37
Q

electrolyte

A

mineral salt found in the blood and tissues and necessary for proper functioning of cells; potassium, sodium, and calcium are electrolytes.

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38
Q

glucocorticoid

A

steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; regulates glucose, fat, and protein metabolism. Cortisol raises blood sugar and is part of the stress response.

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39
Q

homeostasis

A

tendency of an organism to maintain a constant internal environment

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40
Q

hormone

A

substance, secreted by an endocrine gland, that travels through the blood to a distant organ or gland where it influences the structure or function of that organ or gland.

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41
Q

hypothalamus

A

region of the brain lying below the thalamus and above the pituitary gland. it secretes releasing factors and hormones that affect the pituitary gland.

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42
Q

mineralocorticoid

A

steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex to regulate mineral salts (electrolytes) and water balance in the body. Aldosterone is an example.

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43
Q

receptor

A

cellular or nuclear protein that binds to a hormone so that a response can be elicited.

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44
Q

sella turcica

A

cavity in the skull that contains the pituitary gland.

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45
Q

sex hormones

A

steroids (androgens and estrogens) produced by the adrenal cortex to influence male and female sexual characteristics.

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46
Q

steroid

A

complex substance related to fats (derived from a sterol, such as cholesterol), and of which many hormones are made.

47
Q

sympathomimetic

A

pertaining to mimicking or copying the effect of the sympathetic nervous system. Adrenaline is a sympathomimetic hormone (it raises blood pressure and heart rate and dilates airways).

48
Q

target tissue

A

cells of an organ that are affected or stimulated by specific hormones.

49
Q

aden/o

A

gland

50
Q

adren/o, adrenal/o

A

adrenal gland

51
Q

gonad/o

A

sex glands

52
Q

pancreat/o

A

pancreas

53
Q

parathyroid/o

A

parathyroid gland

54
Q

pituitar/o

A

pituitary gland; hypophysis

55
Q

thyr/o, thyroid/o

A

thyroid gland

56
Q

andr/o

A

male

57
Q

calc/o

A

calcium

58
Q

cortic/o

A

cortex, outer region

59
Q

crin/o

A

secrete

60
Q

dips/o

A

thirst

61
Q

estr/o

A

female

62
Q

gluc/o

A

sugar

63
Q

glyc/o

A

sugar

64
Q

home/o

A

sameness

65
Q

hormon/o

A

hormone

66
Q

kal/i

A

potassium

67
Q

lact/o

A

milk

68
Q

myx/o

A

mucus

69
Q

natr/o

A

sodium

70
Q

phys/o

A

growing

71
Q

somat/o

A

body

72
Q

ster/o

A

solid structure

73
Q

toc/o

A

childbirth

74
Q

toxic/o

A

poison

75
Q

ur/o

A

urine

76
Q

-agon

A

assemble, gather together

77
Q

-emia

A

blood condition

78
Q

-in, -ine

A

a substance

79
Q

-tropin

A

stimulating the function of

80
Q

-uria

A

urine condition

81
Q

eu-

A

good, normal

82
Q

hyper-

A

excessive; above

83
Q

hypo-

A

deficient; below under; less than normal

84
Q

oxy-

A

rapid, sharp, acid

85
Q

pan-

A

all

86
Q

tetra-

A

four

87
Q

tri-

A

three

88
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

overactivity of the thyroid gland; thyrotoxicosis

89
Q

hypothyroidism

A

underactivity of the thyroid gland

90
Q

thyroid carcinoma

A

cancer of the thyroid gland

91
Q

hyperparathyroidism

A

excessive production of parathormone

92
Q

hypoparathyroidism

A

deficient production of parathyroid hormone

93
Q

adrenal virilism

A

excessive secretion of adrenal androgens

94
Q

cushing syndrome

A

group of signs and symptoms produced by excess cortisol from the adrenal cortex. obesity, rounded face, thin skin that bruises easy, and muscle weakness.

95
Q

Addison disease

A

hypofunctioning of the adrenal cortex.

96
Q

pheochromocytoma

A

benign tumor of the adrenal medulla; tumor cells stain a dark or dusky color.

97
Q

hyperinsulinism

A

excess secretion of insulin causing hypoglycemia.

98
Q

diabetes mellitus (DM)

A

lack of insulin secretion or resistance of insulin in promoting sugar, starch, and fat metabolism in cells.

99
Q

acromegaly

A

hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary after puberty, leading to enlargement of extremities.

100
Q

gigantism

A

hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary before puberty, leading to abnormal overgrowth of body tissues.

101
Q

dwarfism

A

congenital hyposecretion of growth hormone; hypopituitary dwarfism

102
Q

panhypopituitarism

A

deficiency of all pituitary hormones

103
Q

syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)

A

excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone.

104
Q

diabetes insipidus (DI)

A

insufficient secretion of antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin).

105
Q

fasting plasma glucose (FPG)

A

also known as fasting blood sugar test. Measures circulating glucose level in a patient who has fasted at least 8 hours.

106
Q

serum and urine tests

A

measurement of hormones, electrolytes, glucose, and other substances in serum (blood) and urine as indicators of endocrine function.

107
Q

thyroid function tests

A

measurement of T3, T4, and TSH in the bloodstream.

108
Q

exophthalmometry

A

measurement of eyeball protrusion (as in Graves disease) with an exophthalmometer.

109
Q

computed tomography (CT) scan

A

x-ray imaging of endocrine glands in cross section and other views, to assess size and infiltration by tumor.

110
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

magnetic waves produce images of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to locate abnormalities.

111
Q

radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) scan

A

radioactive iodine is administered orally, and its uptake by the thyroid gland is imaged to assess thyroid function.

112
Q

thyroid scan

A

scanner detects radioactivity and visualizes the thyroid gland after intravenous administration of a radioactive (technetium) compound.

113
Q

ultrasound examination

A

sound waves show images of endocrine organs.

medical terminology (18 decks)

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