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medical terminology > chapter 10 nervous system > Flashcards

chapter 10 nervous system Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

acetylcholine

A

neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends of nerve cells.

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2
Q

afferent nerve

A

carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord (sensory nerve).

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3
Q

arachnoid membrane

A

middle layer of the three membranes (meninges) that surround the brain and spinal cord.

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4
Q

astrocyte

A

type of glial (neuroglial) cell that transports water and salts from capillaries.

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5
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

nerves that control involuntary body functions of muscles, glands, and internal organs.

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6
Q

axon

A

microscopic fiber that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell.

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7
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

blood vessels (capillaries) that selectively let certain substances enter the brain tissue and keep other substances out.

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8
Q

brainstem

A

lower portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord; includes the pons and medulla oblongata.

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9
Q

cauda equina

A

collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord.

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10
Q

cell body

A

part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus.

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11
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

brain and the spinal cord.

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12
Q

cerebellum

A

posterior part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance.

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13
Q

cerebral cortex

A

outer region of the cerebrum, containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain.

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14
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord.

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15
Q

cerebrum

A

largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory.

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16
Q

cranial nerves

A

twelve pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain with regard to the head and neck (except the vagus nerve).

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17
Q

dendrite

A

microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell that is the first part to receive the nervous impulse.

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18
Q

dura mater

A

thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord.

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19
Q

efferent nerve

A

carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord; motor nerve.

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20
Q

ependymal cell

A

glial cell that lines membranes within the brain and spinal cord and helps form cerebrospinal fluid.

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21
Q

ganglion

A

collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system.

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22
Q

glial cell (neuroglial cell)

A

supportive and connective nerve cell that does not carry nervous impulses. examples are astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes.

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23
Q

gyrus

A

sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex; convolution.

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24
Q

hypothalamus

A

portion of the brain beneath the thalamus; controls sleep, appetite, body temperature, and secretions from the pituitary gland.

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25
Q

medulla oblongata

A

part of the brain just above the spinal cord; controls breathing, heartbeat, and the size of blood vessels; nerve fibers cross over here.

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26
Q

meninges

A

three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.

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27
Q

microglial cell

A

phagocytic glial cell that removes waste products from the central nervous system.

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28
Q

motor nerve

A

carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs; efferent nerve

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29
Q

myelin sheath

A

covering of white fatty tissue that surrounds and insulates the axon of a nerve cell. Myelin speeds impulse conduction along axons.

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30
Q

nerve

A

macroscopic cord-like collection of fibers that carry electrical impulses.

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31
Q

neuron

A

nerve cell that carries impulses throughout the body.

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32
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical messenger released at the end of a nerve cell. It stimulates or inhibits another cell, which can be a nerve cell, muscle cell, or gland cell. Examples of neurotransmitters are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin.

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33
Q

oligodendroglial cell

A

glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering axons.

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34
Q

parasympathetic nerves

A

involuntary, autonomic nerves that regulate normal body functions such as heart rate, breathing, and muscles of the GI tract.

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35
Q

parenchyma

A

essential, distinguishing tissue of any organ or system. The parenchyma of the nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord, and neurons. Parenchymal cells of the liver are hepatocytes, and parenchymal tissue of the kidney includes the nephrons, where urine is formed.

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36
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

nerves outside the brain and spinal cord; cranial, spinal, and autonomic nerves.

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37
Q

pia mater

A

thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges

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38
Q

plexus

A

large, interlacing network of nerves. examples are lumbosacral, cervical, and brachial.

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39
Q

pons

A

part of the brain anterior to the cerebellum and between the medulla and the rest of the midbrain.

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40
Q

receptor

A

organ that receives a nervous stimulus and passes it on to afferent nerves. The skin, ears, eyes, and taste buds are receptors.

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41
Q

sciatic nerve

A

nerve extending from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg, and foot. Sciatica is pain or inflammation along the course of the nerve.

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42
Q

sensory nerve

A

carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord from a receptor; afferent nerve.

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43
Q

spinal nerves

A

thirty-one pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord.

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44
Q

stimulus

A

agent of change (light, sound, touch) in the internal or external environment that evokes a response.

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45
Q

stroma

A

connective and supporting tissue of an organ. Glial cells are the stromal tissue of the brain.

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46
Q

sulcus

A

depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex; fissure.

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47
Q

sympathetic nerves

A

autonomic nerves that influence bodily functions involuntarily in times of stress.

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48
Q

synapse

A

space through which a nervous impulse travels between nerve cells or between nerve and muscle or glandular cells.

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49
Q

thalamus

A

main relay center of the brain. It conducts impulses between the spinal cord and the cerebrum; incoming sensory messages are relayed through the thalamus to appropriate centers in the cerebrum.

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50
Q

vagus nerve

A

tenth cranial nerve; it’s branches reach to the larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, aorta, esophagus, and stomach.

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51
Q

ventricles of the brain

A

canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid.

52
Q

cerebell/o

A

cerebellum

53
Q

cerebr/o

A

cerebrum

54
Q

dur/o

A

dura mmater

55
Q

encephal/o

A

brain

56
Q

gli/o

A

glial cells

57
Q

lept/o

A

thin, slender

58
Q

mening/o, meningi/o

A

membranes, meninges

59
Q

my/o

A

muscle

60
Q

myel/o

A

spinal cord

61
Q

neur/o

A

nerve

62
Q

pont/o

A

pons

63
Q

radicul/o

A

nerve root

64
Q

thalam/o

A

thalamus

65
Q

thec/o

A

sheath (refers to the meninges)

66
Q

vag/o

A

vagus nerve

67
Q

alges/o, -algesia

A

excessive sensitivity to pain

68
Q

-algia

A

pain

69
Q

caus/o

A

burning

70
Q

comat/o

A

deep sleep (coma)

71
Q

esthesi/o, -esthesia

A

feeling, nervous sensation

72
Q

kines/o

A

movement

73
Q

-lepsy

A

seizure

74
Q

lex/o

A

word, phrase

75
Q

-paresis

A

weakness

76
Q

-phasia

A

speech

77
Q

-plegia

A

paralysis

78
Q

-praxia

A

action

79
Q

-sthenia

A

strength

80
Q

syncop/o

A

to cut off, cut short

81
Q

tax/o

A

order, coordination

82
Q

hydrocephalus

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid (CSF) in the brain.

83
Q

spina bifida

A

congenital defects in the lumbar spinal column caused by imperfect union of vertebral parts (neural tube defect).

84
Q

Alzheimer disease (AD)

A

Brain disorder marked by gradual and progressive mental deterioration (dementia), personality changes, and impairment of daily functioning.

85
Q

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

A

degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem. Lou Gehrig disease.

86
Q

epilepsy

A

chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizure activity.

87
Q

Huntington disease

A

Hereditary disorder marked by degenerative changes in the cerebrum leading to abrupt involuntary movements and mental deterioration.

88
Q

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

A

destruction of the myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS and its replacement by plaques of sclerotic (hard) tissue.

89
Q

myasthenia gravis (MG)

A

autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles.

90
Q

palsy

A

paralysis (partial or complete loss of motor function).

91
Q

Bell palsy

A

paralysis on one side of the face, caused by viral infection, therapy is directed against the virus.

92
Q

Parkinson disease

A

degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia, occurring in later life and leading to tremors, weakness of muscles, and slowness of movement.

93
Q

Tourette syndrome

A

involuntary, spasmodic, twitching movements; uncontrollable vocal sounds; and inappropriate words.

94
Q

herpes zoster (shingles)

A

viral infection affecting peripheral nerves

95
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation of the meninges; leptomeningitis.

96
Q

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalopathy

A

brain disease and dementia occurring with AIDS.

97
Q

brain tumor

A

abnormal growth of brain tissue and meninges.

98
Q

cerebral concussion

A

temporary brain dysfunction (brief loss of consciousness) after injury, usually clearing within 24 hours.

99
Q

cerebral contusion

A

bruising of brain tissue as a result of direct trauma to the head; neurologic deficits persist longer than 24 hours.

100
Q

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

A

disruption in the normal blood supply to the brain; stroke.

101
Q

migraine

A

severe, recurring, unilateral, vascular headache.

102
Q

absence seizure

A

minor (petit mal) form of seizure, consisting of momentary clouding of consciousness and loss of awareness of surroundings.

103
Q

aneurysm

A

enlarged, weakened area in an arterial wall, which may rupture, leading to hemorrhage and CVA (stroke).

104
Q

astrocytoma

A

malignant tumor of astrocytes (glial brain cells).

105
Q

aura

A

peculiar symptom or sensation occurring before the onset (prodromal) of an attack of migraine or an epileptic seizure.

106
Q

dementia

A

mental decline and deterioration

107
Q

demyelination

A

destruction of myelin on axons of neurons (as in multiple sclerosis).

108
Q

dopamine

A

CNS neurotransmitter, deficient in patient with Parkinson disease.

109
Q

embolus

A

clot of material that travels through the bloodstream and suddenly blocks a vessel.

110
Q

gait

A

manner of walking

111
Q

ictal event

A

pertaining to a sudden, acute onset, as with the convulsions of an epileptic seizure.

112
Q

occlusion

A

blockage

113
Q

palliative

A

relieving symptoms but not curing them.

114
Q

thymectomy

A

removal of the thymus gland (a lymphocyte-producing gland in the chest); used as treatment for myasthenia gravis.

115
Q

TIA

A

transient ischemic attack

116
Q

tic

A

involuntary movement of a small group of muscles, as of the face; characteristic of tourette syndrome.

117
Q

tonic-clonic seizure

A

major (grand mal) convulsive seizure marked by sudden loss of consciousness, stiffening of muscles, and twitching and jerking movements.

118
Q

cerebrospinal fluid analysis

A

samples of CSF are examined

119
Q

cerebral angiography

A

x-ray imaging of the arterial blood vessel in the brain after injection of contrast material.

120
Q

computed tomography (CT) of the brain

A

x-ray technique that generates computerized multiple images of the brain and spinal cord.

121
Q

myelography

A

x-ray imaging of the spinal canal after injection of contrast medium into the subarachnoid space.

122
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

magnetic field and pulses of radiowave energy create images of the brain and spinal cord.

123
Q

positron emission tomography (PET) scan

A

radioactive glucose is injected and then detected in the brain to image the metabolic activity of cells.

124
Q

doppler ultrasound studies

A

sound waves detect blood flow in the carotid and intracranial arteries.

125
Q

electroencephalography (EEG)

A

recording of the electrical activity of the brain.

126
Q

lumbar puncture (LP)

A

CSF is withdrawn from between two lumbar vertebrae for analysis

127
Q

stereotactic radiosurgery

A

use of a specialized instrument to locate and treat targets in the brain.

medical terminology (18 decks)

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