Chapter 13 Blood System Flashcards
albumin
protein in blood; maintains the proper amount of water in the blood.
antibody (Ab)
protein (immunoglobulin) produced by lymphocytes in response to bacteria, viruses, or other antigens. An antibody is specific to an antigen and inactivates it.
antigen
substance (usually foreign) that stimulates the production of an antibody.
basophil
white blood cell containing granules that stain blue; associated with release of histamine and heparin.
bilirubin
orange-yellow pigment in bile; formed by the breakdown of hemoglobin when red blood cells die.
coagulation
blood clotting
colony-stimulating factor (CSF)
protein that stimulates the growth and proliferation of white blood cells (granulocytes).
differentiation
change in structure and function of a cell as it matures; specialization
electrophoresis
method of separating serum proteins by electrical charge.
eosinophil
white blood cell containing granules that stain red; associated with allergic reactions
erythrocyte
red blood cell. there are about 5 million per microliter or cubic millimeter of blood.
erythropoietin (EPO)
hormone secreted by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell formation.
fibrin
protein threads that form the basis of a blood clot.
fibrinogen
plasma protein that is converted to fibrin in the clotting process.
globulin
plasma protein; alpha, beta, and gamma (immune) globulins are examples.
granulocyte
white blood cell with numerous dark-staining granules: eosinophil, neutrophil, and basophil.
hemoglobin
blood protein containing iron; carries oxygen in red blood cells.
hemolysis
destruction or breakdown of blood (red blood cells).
heparin
anticoagulant found in blood and tissue cells.
immune reaction
response of the immune system to foreign invasion.
immunoglobulin
protein (globulin) with antibody activity; examples are IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD.
leukocyte
white blood cell
lymphocyte
mononuclear leukocyte that produces antibodies.
macrophage
monocyte that migrates from the blood to tissue spaces. As a phagocyte, it engulfs foreign material and debris.
megakaryocyte
large platelet precursor cell found in the bone marrow.
monocyte
leukocyte with one large nucleus. It is a cell that engulfs foreign material and debris. Monocytes become macrophages as they leave the blood and enter body tissues.
mononuclear
pertaining to a cell (leukocyte) with a single round nucleus; lymphocytes and monocytes are mononuclear leukocytes.
neutrophil
granulocytic leukocyte formed in bone marrow. It is a phagocytic tissue-fighting cell. Also called a polymorphonuclear leukocyte.
plasma
liquid portion of blood; contains water, proteins, salts, nutrients, hormones, and vitamins.
plasmapheresis
removal of plasma from withdrawn blood by centrifuge. Collected cells are retransfused back into the donor. Fresh-frozen plasma or salt solution is used to replace withdrawn plasma.
platelet
small blood fragment that collects at sites of injury to begin the clotting process.
prothrombin
plasma protein; converted to thrombin in the clotting process.
reticulocyte
immature erythrocyte. a network of strands (reticulin) is seen after staining the cell with special dyes.
Rh factor
antigen on red blood cells of Rh-positive (RH+) individuals. The factor was first identified in the blood of a rhesus monkey.
serum
Plasma minus clotting proteins and cells. Clear, yellowish fluid that separates from blood when it is allowed to clot. It is formed from plasma, but does not contain protein-coagulation factors.
stem cell
unspecialized cell that gives rise to mature, specialized forms. A hematopoietic stem cell is the progenitor for all different types of blood cells.
thrombin
enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin during coagulation.
thrombocyte
platelet.
bas/o
base
chrom/o
color
coagul/o
clotting
cyt/o
cell
eosin/o
red, dawn, rosy
erythr/o
red
granul/o
granules
hem/o
blood
hemat/o
blood
hemoglobin/o
hemoglobin
is/o
same, equal
kary/o
nucleus
leuk/o
nucleus
leuk/o
white
mon/o
one, single
morph/o
shape, form
myel/o
bone marrow
neutr/o
neutral
nucle/o
nucleus
phag/o
eat, swallow
poikil/o
varied, irregular
sider/o
iron
spher/o
globe, round
thromb/o
clot
-apheresis
removal, a carrying away
-blast
immature cell, embryonic
-cytosis
abnormal condition of cells (increase in cells)
-emia
blood condition
-globin
protein
-lytic
pertaining to destruction
-oid
derived from
-osis
abnormal condition
-penia
deficiency
-phage
eat, swallow
-philia
attraction for (an increase in cell numbers)
-phoresis
carrying, transmission
-poiesis
formation
-stasis
stop, control
dyscrasia
disease
anemia
deficiency in erythrocytes or hemoglobin.
aplastic anemia
failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow.
hemolytic anemia
reduction in red cells due to excessive destruction.
pernicious anemia
lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the body.
sickle cell anemia
hereditary condition characterized by abnormal sickle shape of erythrocytes and by hemolysis.
thalassemia
inherited defect in the ability to produce hemoglobin, usually seen in persons of mediterranean background.
hemochromatosis
excess iron deposits throughout the body.
polycythemia vera
general increase in red blood cells (erythremia).
hemophilia
excessive bleeding caused by hereditary lack of blood clotting factors (factor VIII or IX) necessary for blood clotting.
purpura
multiple pinpoint hemorrhages and accumulation of blood under the skin.
petechiae
tiny purple or red flat spots appearing on the skin as a result of hemorrhages.
leukemia
increase in cancerous white blood cells (leukocytes).
granulocytosis
abnormal increase in granulocytes in the blood.
mononucleosis
infectious disease marked by increased numbers of leukocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes. transmitted by Epstein-Barr virus.
multiple myeloma
malignant neoplasm of bone marrow.
antiglobulin test
test for the presence of antibodies that coat and damage erythrocytes.
bleeding time
time required for blood to stop flowing from a tiny puncture wound.
coagulation time
time required for venous blood to clot in a test tube.
complete blood count (CBC)
determination of numbers of blood cells, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and red cell values-MCH, MCV, MCHC
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
speed at which erythrocytes settle out of plasma.
hematocrit (Hct)
percentage of erythrocytes in a volume of blood.
hemoglobin test
total amount of hemoglobin in a sample of peripheral blood.
platelet count
number of platelets per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood.
prothrombin time (PT)
test of the ability of blood to clot
red blood cell count (RBC)
number of erythrocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood.
red blood cell morphology
microscopic examination of a stained blood smear to determine the shape of individual red cells.
white blood cell count (WBC)
number of leukocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood.
white blood cell differential [count]
percentages of different types of leukocytes in the blood.
apheresis
separation of blood into component parts and removal of a select portion from the blood.
blood transfusion
whole blood or cells are taken from a donor and infused into a patient.
bone marrow biopsy
microscopic examination of a core of bone marrow removed with a needle.
hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
peripheral stem cells from a compatible donor are administered to a recipient.
