Chapter 15 Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
acetabulum
rounded depression, or socket, in the pelvis that joins the femur (thigh bone), forming the hip joint.
acromion
outward extension of the shoulder blade forming the point of the shoulder. It overlies the shoulder joint and articulates with the clavicle.
articular cartilage
thin layer of cartilage covering the bone in the joint space.
bone
dense, hard connective tissue composing the skeleton. Examples are long bones (femur), short bones (carpals), flat bones (scapula), and sesamoid bones (patella).
calcium
one of the mineral constituents of bone. Calcium phosphate is the major calcium salt in bones.
cancellous bone
spongy, porous, bone tissue in the inner part of a bone.
cartilage
flexible, rubbery connective tissue. It is found in the immature skeleton, at the epiphyseal growth plate, and on joint surfaces.
collagen
dense, connective tissue protein strands found in bone and other tissues.
compact bone
hard, dense bone tissue, usually found around the outer portion of bones.
condyle
knuckle-like process at the end of a bone near the joint.
cranial bones
skull bones: ethmoid, frontal, occipital, parietal, sphenoid, and temporal.
diaphysis
shaft, or mid-portion of a long bone.
disk (disc)
flat, round, plate-like structure. An intervertebral disk is a fibrocartilaginous substance between two vertebrae.
epiphyseal plate
cartilaginous area at the ends of long bones where lengthwise growth takes place in the immature skeleton.
epiphysis
each end of a long bone; the area beyond the epiphyseal plate.
facial bones
bones of the face: lacrimal, mandibular, maxillary, nasal, vomer, and zygomatic.
fissure
narrow, slit-like opening in or between bones.
fontanelle
soft spot (incomplete bone formation) between the skull bones of an infant.
foramen
opening or passage in bones where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave. The foramen magnum is the opening of the occiptal bone through which the spinal cord passes.
fossa
shallow cavity in a bone.
haversian canals
minute spaces filled with blood vessels; found in compact bone.
malleolus
round process on both sides of the ankle joint. The lateral malleolus is part of the fibula, and the medial malleolus is part of the tibia.
manubrium
upper portion of the sternum; articulates with the medial aspect of the clavicle.
mastoid process
round projection on the temporal bone behind the ear.
medullary cavity
central, hollowed-out area in the shaft of a long bone.
metaphysis
flared portion of a long bone, between the diaphysis (shaft) and the epiphyseal plate.
olecranon
large process on the proximal end of the ulna; the point of the flexed elbow
osseous tissue
bone tissue
ossification
process of bone formation
osteoblast
bone cell that helps form bony tissue.
osteoclast
bone cell that absorbs and removes unwanted bony tissue.
periosteum
membrane surrounding bones; rich in blood vessels and nerve tissue.
phosphorus
mineral substance found in bones in combination with calcium
pubic symphysis
area of confluence (coming together) of the two pubic bones in the pelvis.
red bone marrow
found in cancellous bone; site of hematopoiesis.
ribs
twelve pairs of curved bones that form the chest wall. true ribs are the first 7 pairs; false ribs are pairs 8-10; floating ribs are pairs 11 and 12.
sella turcica
depression in the sphenoid bone where the pituitary gland is located.
sinus
hollow air cavity within a bone.
styloid process
pole-like process extending downward from the temporal bone on each side of the skull.
suture
immovable joint between bones, such as the skull (cranium).
temporomandibular joint
connection on either side of the head between the temporal bone of the skull and mandibular joint of the jaw.
trabeculae
supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous bone.
trochanter
large process at the neck of the femur; attachment site for tendons of the hip musculature.
tubercle
rounded, small process on bone; attachment site for muscles and tendons.
tuberosity
rounded process on bone; attachment site for muscles and tendons.
vertebra
individual segment of the spine composed of the vertebral body, vertebral arch, spinous process, transverse process, and lamina, enclosing the neural canal.
xiphoid process
lower, narrow portion of the sternum.
yellow bone marrow
fatty tissue found in the medullary cavity of most adult long bones.
calc/o, calci/o
calcium
kyph/o
humpback
lamin/o
lamina
lord/o
curve, sway-back
lumb/o
loins, lower back
myel/o
bone marrow
orth/o
straight
oste/o
bone
scoli/o
crooked, bent
spondyl/o
vertebra
vertebr/o
vertebra
-blast
embryonic or immature cell
-clast
to break
-listhesis
slipping
-malacia
softening
-physis
to grow
-porosis
pore, passage
-tome
instrument to cut
acetabul/o
acetabulum (hip socket)
calcane/o
calcaneus (heel)
carp/o
carpals (wrist bones)
clavicul/o
clavicle
cost/o
ribs
crani/o
cranium (skull)
femor/o
femur (thigh bone)
fibul/o
fibula
humer/o
humerus
ili/o
ilium
ischi/o
ischium (posterior part of pelvic bone)
malleol/o
malleolus (process on each side of the ankle)
mandibul/o
mandible
maxill/o
maxilla
metacarp/o
metacarpals
metatars/o
metatarsals
olecran/o
olecranon
patell/o
patella
pelv/i
pelvis
perone/o
fibula
phalang/o
phalanges
pub/o
pubis
radi/o
radius
scapul/o
scapula
stern/o
sternum
tars/o
tarsals
tibi/o
tibia
uln/o
ulna
ewing sarcoma
rare malignant tumor arising in bone; most often occurring in children.
exostosis
bony growth (benign) arising from the surface of bone
fracture
traumatic breaking of a bone.
osteogenic sarcoma (osteosarcoma)
common malignant tumor arising from osteoblasts.
osteomalacia
softening of bone, with inadequate amounts of mineral (calcium) in the bone.
osteomyelitis
inflammation of the bone and bone marrow secondary to infection
osteoporosis
decrease in bone density (mass); thinning and weakening of bone.
talipes
congenital abnormality of the hindfoot (involving the talus).
articular cartilage
smooth, glistening white tissue that covers the surface of a joint.
articulation
any type of joint
bursa
sac of fluid near a joint; promotes smooth sliding of one tissue against another.
ligament
connective tissue binding bones to other bones; supports, strengthens, and stabilizes the joint.
suture joint
immovable joint, such as between the bones of the skull.
synovial cavity
space between bones at a synovial joint; contains synovial fluid produced by the synovial membrane.
synovial fluid
viscous fluid within the synovial cavity. synovial fluid is similar in viscosity to egg white.
synovial joint
a freely movable joint
synovial membrane
tissue lining the synovial cavity; it produces synovial fluid.
tendon
connective tissue that binds muscles to bones.
ankyl/o
stiff
arthr/o
joint
articul/o
joint
burs/o
bursa
chondr/o
cartilage
ligament/o
ligament
rheumat/o
watery flow
synov/o
synovial membrane
ten/o
tendon
tendin/o
tendon
-desis
to bind, tie together
-stenosis
narrowing
arthritis
inflammation of joints
ankylosing spondylitis
chronic, progressive arthritis with stiffening of joints, primarily of the spine.
gouty arthritis (gout)
inflammation and painful swelling of joints caused by excessive uric acid in the body.
osteoarthritis (OA)
progressive, degenerative joint disease with loss of articular cartilage and hypertrophy of bone (formation of osteophytes, or bone spurs) at articular surfaces.
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
chronic joint condition with inflammation and pain; caused by an autoimmune reaction against joint tissue, particularly the synovial membrane.
bunion
enlargement of bone or tissue around the joint at the base of the big toe (metatarsophalangeal joint)
carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
compression of the median nerve as it passes between the ligament and the bones and tendons of the wrist.
dislocation
displacement of a bone from its joint.
ganglion
fluid-filled cyst arising from joint capsules or tendons, typically in the hand.
herniation of an intervertebral disk (disc)
abnormal protrusion of an intervertebral disk into the spinal canal or spinal nerves.
Lyme disease (lyme arthritis)
disorder marked by arthritis, myalgia, and malaise; cause is a bacterium carried by a tick.
sprain
trauma to a joint without rupture.
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease involving joints, skin, kidneys, nervous system (CNS), heart, and lungs.
fascia
fibrous membrane separating and enveloping muscles.
insertion of a muscle
connection of the muscle to a bone that moves
origin of a muscle
connection of the muscle to a stationary bone.
skeletal muscle
muscle connected to bones; voluntary or striated muscle.
smooth muscle
visceral muscle
striated muscle
skeletal muscle
visceral muscle
muscle connected to internal organs; involuntary or smooth muscle.
fasci/o
fascia
fibr/o
fibrous connective tissue
leiomy/o
smooth muscle that lines the walls of internal organs
my/o
muscle
myocardi/o
heart muscle
myos/o
muscle
plant/o
sole of the foot
rhabdomy/o
skeletal (striated) muscle connected to bones
sarc/o
muscle and flesh
-asthenia
lack of strength
-trophy
development, nourishment
dorsi-
back
muscular dystrophy
group of inherited diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fibers without involvement of the nervous system.
polymyositis
chronic inflammatory myopathy
antinuclear antibody test (ANA)
detects an antibody present in serum of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
measures time it takes for erythrocytes to settle to the bottom of a test tube.
rheumatoid factor test (RF)
serum is tested for the presence of an antibody found in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
serum calcium (Ca)
measurement of calcium level in serum.
serum creatine kinase (CK)
measurement of the enzyme creatine kinase in serum.
uric acid test
measurement of uric acid in serum.
arthrocentesis
surgical puncture to remove fluid from the joint space.
arthrography
taking x-ray images after injection of contrast material into a joint.
arthroplasty
surgical repair or replacement of a joint.
arthroscopy
visual examination of a joint with an arthroscope and television camera.
bone density test (bone densitometry)
low-energy x-ray absorption in bones of the spinal column, pelvis, and wrist is used to measure bone mass.
bone scan
uptake of a radioactive substance is measured in bone.
computed tomography (CT)
x-ray beam and computer provide cross-sectional and other images
diskography
x-ray examination of cervical or lumbar intervertebral disk after injection of contrast into nucleus pulposus (interior of the disk).
electromyography (EMG)
recording the strength of muscle contraction as a result of electrical stimulation.
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
a magnetic field creates images of soft tissue.
muscle biopsy
removal of muscle tissue for microscopic examination
