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medical terminology > Chapter 15 Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

acetabulum

A

rounded depression, or socket, in the pelvis that joins the femur (thigh bone), forming the hip joint.

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2
Q

acromion

A

outward extension of the shoulder blade forming the point of the shoulder. It overlies the shoulder joint and articulates with the clavicle.

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3
Q

articular cartilage

A

thin layer of cartilage covering the bone in the joint space.

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4
Q

bone

A

dense, hard connective tissue composing the skeleton. Examples are long bones (femur), short bones (carpals), flat bones (scapula), and sesamoid bones (patella).

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5
Q

calcium

A

one of the mineral constituents of bone. Calcium phosphate is the major calcium salt in bones.

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6
Q

cancellous bone

A

spongy, porous, bone tissue in the inner part of a bone.

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7
Q

cartilage

A

flexible, rubbery connective tissue. It is found in the immature skeleton, at the epiphyseal growth plate, and on joint surfaces.

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8
Q

collagen

A

dense, connective tissue protein strands found in bone and other tissues.

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9
Q

compact bone

A

hard, dense bone tissue, usually found around the outer portion of bones.

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10
Q

condyle

A

knuckle-like process at the end of a bone near the joint.

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11
Q

cranial bones

A

skull bones: ethmoid, frontal, occipital, parietal, sphenoid, and temporal.

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12
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft, or mid-portion of a long bone.

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13
Q

disk (disc)

A

flat, round, plate-like structure. An intervertebral disk is a fibrocartilaginous substance between two vertebrae.

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14
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

cartilaginous area at the ends of long bones where lengthwise growth takes place in the immature skeleton.

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15
Q

epiphysis

A

each end of a long bone; the area beyond the epiphyseal plate.

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16
Q

facial bones

A

bones of the face: lacrimal, mandibular, maxillary, nasal, vomer, and zygomatic.

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17
Q

fissure

A

narrow, slit-like opening in or between bones.

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18
Q

fontanelle

A

soft spot (incomplete bone formation) between the skull bones of an infant.

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19
Q

foramen

A

opening or passage in bones where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave. The foramen magnum is the opening of the occiptal bone through which the spinal cord passes.

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20
Q

fossa

A

shallow cavity in a bone.

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21
Q

haversian canals

A

minute spaces filled with blood vessels; found in compact bone.

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22
Q

malleolus

A

round process on both sides of the ankle joint. The lateral malleolus is part of the fibula, and the medial malleolus is part of the tibia.

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23
Q

manubrium

A

upper portion of the sternum; articulates with the medial aspect of the clavicle.

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24
Q

mastoid process

A

round projection on the temporal bone behind the ear.

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25
Q

medullary cavity

A

central, hollowed-out area in the shaft of a long bone.

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26
Q

metaphysis

A

flared portion of a long bone, between the diaphysis (shaft) and the epiphyseal plate.

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27
Q

olecranon

A

large process on the proximal end of the ulna; the point of the flexed elbow

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28
Q

osseous tissue

A

bone tissue

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29
Q

ossification

A

process of bone formation

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30
Q

osteoblast

A

bone cell that helps form bony tissue.

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31
Q

osteoclast

A

bone cell that absorbs and removes unwanted bony tissue.

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32
Q

periosteum

A

membrane surrounding bones; rich in blood vessels and nerve tissue.

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33
Q

phosphorus

A

mineral substance found in bones in combination with calcium

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34
Q

pubic symphysis

A

area of confluence (coming together) of the two pubic bones in the pelvis.

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35
Q

red bone marrow

A

found in cancellous bone; site of hematopoiesis.

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36
Q

ribs

A

twelve pairs of curved bones that form the chest wall. true ribs are the first 7 pairs; false ribs are pairs 8-10; floating ribs are pairs 11 and 12.

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37
Q

sella turcica

A

depression in the sphenoid bone where the pituitary gland is located.

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38
Q

sinus

A

hollow air cavity within a bone.

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39
Q

styloid process

A

pole-like process extending downward from the temporal bone on each side of the skull.

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40
Q

suture

A

immovable joint between bones, such as the skull (cranium).

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41
Q

temporomandibular joint

A

connection on either side of the head between the temporal bone of the skull and mandibular joint of the jaw.

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42
Q

trabeculae

A

supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous bone.

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43
Q

trochanter

A

large process at the neck of the femur; attachment site for tendons of the hip musculature.

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44
Q

tubercle

A

rounded, small process on bone; attachment site for muscles and tendons.

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45
Q

tuberosity

A

rounded process on bone; attachment site for muscles and tendons.

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46
Q

vertebra

A

individual segment of the spine composed of the vertebral body, vertebral arch, spinous process, transverse process, and lamina, enclosing the neural canal.

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47
Q

xiphoid process

A

lower, narrow portion of the sternum.

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48
Q

yellow bone marrow

A

fatty tissue found in the medullary cavity of most adult long bones.

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49
Q

calc/o, calci/o

A

calcium

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50
Q

kyph/o

A

humpback

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51
Q

lamin/o

A

lamina

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52
Q

lord/o

A

curve, sway-back

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53
Q

lumb/o

A

loins, lower back

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54
Q

myel/o

A

bone marrow

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55
Q

orth/o

A

straight

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56
Q

oste/o

A

bone

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57
Q

scoli/o

A

crooked, bent

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58
Q

spondyl/o

A

vertebra

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59
Q

vertebr/o

A

vertebra

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60
Q

-blast

A

embryonic or immature cell

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61
Q

-clast

A

to break

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62
Q

-listhesis

A

slipping

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63
Q

-malacia

A

softening

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64
Q

-physis

A

to grow

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65
Q

-porosis

A

pore, passage

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66
Q

-tome

A

instrument to cut

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67
Q

acetabul/o

A

acetabulum (hip socket)

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68
Q

calcane/o

A

calcaneus (heel)

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69
Q

carp/o

A

carpals (wrist bones)

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70
Q

clavicul/o

A

clavicle

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71
Q

cost/o

A

ribs

72
Q

crani/o

A

cranium (skull)

73
Q

femor/o

A

femur (thigh bone)

74
Q

fibul/o

A

fibula

75
Q

humer/o

A

humerus

76
Q

ili/o

A

ilium

77
Q

ischi/o

A

ischium (posterior part of pelvic bone)

78
Q

malleol/o

A

malleolus (process on each side of the ankle)

79
Q

mandibul/o

A

mandible

80
Q

maxill/o

A

maxilla

81
Q

metacarp/o

A

metacarpals

82
Q

metatars/o

A

metatarsals

83
Q

olecran/o

A

olecranon

84
Q

patell/o

A

patella

85
Q

pelv/i

A

pelvis

86
Q

perone/o

A

fibula

87
Q

phalang/o

A

phalanges

88
Q

pub/o

A

pubis

89
Q

radi/o

A

radius

90
Q

scapul/o

A

scapula

91
Q

stern/o

A

sternum

92
Q

tars/o

A

tarsals

93
Q

tibi/o

A

tibia

94
Q

uln/o

A

ulna

95
Q

ewing sarcoma

A

rare malignant tumor arising in bone; most often occurring in children.

96
Q

exostosis

A

bony growth (benign) arising from the surface of bone

97
Q

fracture

A

traumatic breaking of a bone.

98
Q

osteogenic sarcoma (osteosarcoma)

A

common malignant tumor arising from osteoblasts.

99
Q

osteomalacia

A

softening of bone, with inadequate amounts of mineral (calcium) in the bone.

100
Q

osteomyelitis

A

inflammation of the bone and bone marrow secondary to infection

101
Q

osteoporosis

A

decrease in bone density (mass); thinning and weakening of bone.

102
Q

talipes

A

congenital abnormality of the hindfoot (involving the talus).

103
Q

articular cartilage

A

smooth, glistening white tissue that covers the surface of a joint.

104
Q

articulation

A

any type of joint

105
Q

bursa

A

sac of fluid near a joint; promotes smooth sliding of one tissue against another.

106
Q

ligament

A

connective tissue binding bones to other bones; supports, strengthens, and stabilizes the joint.

107
Q

suture joint

A

immovable joint, such as between the bones of the skull.

108
Q

synovial cavity

A

space between bones at a synovial joint; contains synovial fluid produced by the synovial membrane.

109
Q

synovial fluid

A

viscous fluid within the synovial cavity. synovial fluid is similar in viscosity to egg white.

110
Q

synovial joint

A

a freely movable joint

111
Q

synovial membrane

A

tissue lining the synovial cavity; it produces synovial fluid.

112
Q

tendon

A

connective tissue that binds muscles to bones.

113
Q

ankyl/o

A

stiff

114
Q

arthr/o

A

joint

115
Q

articul/o

A

joint

116
Q

burs/o

A

bursa

117
Q

chondr/o

A

cartilage

118
Q

ligament/o

A

ligament

119
Q

rheumat/o

A

watery flow

120
Q

synov/o

A

synovial membrane

121
Q

ten/o

A

tendon

122
Q

tendin/o

A

tendon

123
Q

-desis

A

to bind, tie together

124
Q

-stenosis

A

narrowing

125
Q

arthritis

A

inflammation of joints

126
Q

ankylosing spondylitis

A

chronic, progressive arthritis with stiffening of joints, primarily of the spine.

127
Q

gouty arthritis (gout)

A

inflammation and painful swelling of joints caused by excessive uric acid in the body.

128
Q

osteoarthritis (OA)

A

progressive, degenerative joint disease with loss of articular cartilage and hypertrophy of bone (formation of osteophytes, or bone spurs) at articular surfaces.

129
Q

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

A

chronic joint condition with inflammation and pain; caused by an autoimmune reaction against joint tissue, particularly the synovial membrane.

130
Q

bunion

A

enlargement of bone or tissue around the joint at the base of the big toe (metatarsophalangeal joint)

131
Q

carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)

A

compression of the median nerve as it passes between the ligament and the bones and tendons of the wrist.

132
Q

dislocation

A

displacement of a bone from its joint.

133
Q

ganglion

A

fluid-filled cyst arising from joint capsules or tendons, typically in the hand.

134
Q

herniation of an intervertebral disk (disc)

A

abnormal protrusion of an intervertebral disk into the spinal canal or spinal nerves.

135
Q

Lyme disease (lyme arthritis)

A

disorder marked by arthritis, myalgia, and malaise; cause is a bacterium carried by a tick.

136
Q

sprain

A

trauma to a joint without rupture.

137
Q

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

A

chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease involving joints, skin, kidneys, nervous system (CNS), heart, and lungs.

138
Q

fascia

A

fibrous membrane separating and enveloping muscles.

139
Q

insertion of a muscle

A

connection of the muscle to a bone that moves

140
Q

origin of a muscle

A

connection of the muscle to a stationary bone.

141
Q

skeletal muscle

A

muscle connected to bones; voluntary or striated muscle.

142
Q

smooth muscle

A

visceral muscle

143
Q

striated muscle

A

skeletal muscle

144
Q

visceral muscle

A

muscle connected to internal organs; involuntary or smooth muscle.

145
Q

fasci/o

A

fascia

146
Q

fibr/o

A

fibrous connective tissue

147
Q

leiomy/o

A

smooth muscle that lines the walls of internal organs

148
Q

my/o

A

muscle

149
Q

myocardi/o

A

heart muscle

150
Q

myos/o

A

muscle

151
Q

plant/o

A

sole of the foot

152
Q

rhabdomy/o

A

skeletal (striated) muscle connected to bones

153
Q

sarc/o

A

muscle and flesh

154
Q

-asthenia

A

lack of strength

155
Q

-trophy

A

development, nourishment

156
Q

dorsi-

A

back

157
Q

muscular dystrophy

A

group of inherited diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fibers without involvement of the nervous system.

158
Q

polymyositis

A

chronic inflammatory myopathy

159
Q

antinuclear antibody test (ANA)

A

detects an antibody present in serum of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

160
Q

erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

A

measures time it takes for erythrocytes to settle to the bottom of a test tube.

161
Q

rheumatoid factor test (RF)

A

serum is tested for the presence of an antibody found in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

162
Q

serum calcium (Ca)

A

measurement of calcium level in serum.

163
Q

serum creatine kinase (CK)

A

measurement of the enzyme creatine kinase in serum.

164
Q

uric acid test

A

measurement of uric acid in serum.

165
Q

arthrocentesis

A

surgical puncture to remove fluid from the joint space.

166
Q

arthrography

A

taking x-ray images after injection of contrast material into a joint.

167
Q

arthroplasty

A

surgical repair or replacement of a joint.

168
Q

arthroscopy

A

visual examination of a joint with an arthroscope and television camera.

169
Q

bone density test (bone densitometry)

A

low-energy x-ray absorption in bones of the spinal column, pelvis, and wrist is used to measure bone mass.

170
Q

bone scan

A

uptake of a radioactive substance is measured in bone.

171
Q

computed tomography (CT)

A

x-ray beam and computer provide cross-sectional and other images

172
Q

diskography

A

x-ray examination of cervical or lumbar intervertebral disk after injection of contrast into nucleus pulposus (interior of the disk).

173
Q

electromyography (EMG)

A

recording the strength of muscle contraction as a result of electrical stimulation.

174
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

a magnetic field creates images of soft tissue.

175
Q

muscle biopsy

A

removal of muscle tissue for microscopic examination

medical terminology (18 decks)

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