Chapter 7: Urinary System Flashcards
Nitrogenous wastes
Filtered in our urine.
Nitrogenous wastes found in urine as waste products
- Urea
- Creatinine
- Uric acid
Functions of the kidney
- Filter nitrogenous wastes to form urine; about 200 quarts of blood are filtered every day to form 2 quarts of urine
- Maintain proper balance of water, electrolytes (sodium, potassium), and acids
- Release hormones:
•Renin: enzymatic hormone important in adjusting blood pressure
•Erythropoietin (EPO): hormone that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow
•Calciferol: active form of vitamin D necessary for the absorption of calcium from the intestine - Degrade and eliminate hormones from the bloodstream
How Kidneys Produce Urine
• Blood enters the kidneys through the right and left renal arteries
• Arterioles carry blood to the capillaries
• Glomeruli filter the blood
Glomerulus and glomerular / Bowman capsule
• Blood passes through the glomeruli
• Glomerular (Bowman)
capsule surrounds each glomerulus
• Renal tubule is attached to each Bowman capsule
Glomerulus
Network or collection of capillaries.
Three Steps in the Formation of Urine
• Glomerular filtration (water, sugar, wastes, salts)
• Tubular reabsorption (water, sugar, some salts)
• Tubular secretion (acids, potassium, and drugs)
How Kidneys Produce Urine (Cont’d)
• The glomerulus and a renal tubule combine to form a unit called a nephron.
How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d)
- All collecting tubules lead to the renal pelvis.
- Calyces or calices are small, cuplike regions of the renal pelvis; the term comes from the Greek, kalux, meaning a cup or case surrounding a flower bud.
Process of forming and expelling urine
- Bloodstream (through the renal arteriole)
- Glomerulus (through filtration of water, sugar, salts, and urea / other wastes)
- Glomerular capsule
- Renal tubule (through urea/wastes, salts, water, acids & drugs (urine))
- Renal pelvis
- Ureter
- Bladder
- Urethra
- Urinary Meatus (urine leaves the body)
Note: Bloodstream to the renal tubule is secretion of acids, potassium, & drugs. From the renal tubule to the bloodstream is reabsorption of water, sugar, and salts.
Arteriole
Small artery
Calyx or calix
Cuplike collecting region of the renal pelvis; the term comes from the Greek, kalux, meaning a cup or case surrounding a flower bud
Catheter
Tube for injecting or removing fluids.
Cortex
Outer region of an organ.
Creatinine
Nitrogenous waste excreted in urine.
Electrolyte
Chemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water.
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate production of red blood cells by bone marrow;
-poietin means a substance that forms.
Filtration
Process whereby some substances pass through a filter.
Glomerular capsule
Enclosing structure surrounding each
glomerulus; also called Bowman capsule.
Glomerulus
Tiny ball of capillaries in the kidney.
Hilum
Depression in the part of an organ where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave; comes from the Latin meaning a small thing.
Kidney
One of two bean-shaped organs that filter nitrogepous waste from the bloodstream to form urine.
Meatus
Opening or canal.
Medulla
Inner region of an organ; the term comes from the Latin, medulla, meaning marrow.
Nephron
The functional unit of the kidney where filtration, reabsorption, and secretion take place.
Nitrogenous waste
Substance containing nitrogen and excreted in urine;
examples are urea, uric acid, and creatinine.
Potassium (K+)
An electrolyte regulated by the kidney.
Reabsorption
Renal tubules return materials necessary to the body back into the bloodstream.
Renal artery
Blood vessel that carries blood to the kidney.
Renal pelvis
Central collection region in the kidney.
Renal tubules
Microscopic tubes in the kidney where urine is formed after filtration.
Renal vein
Blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidney.
Renin
Hormone secreted by the kidney that raises blood pressure.
Sodium (Na+)
An electrolyte regulated in the blood and urine by the kidneys; a common form of sodium is sodium chloride (salt).
Trigone
Triangular area in the urinary bladder.
Urea
Major nitrogenous waste excreted in urine.
Ureter
One of the two tubes leading from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
Urethra
Tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.
Uric acid
Nitrogenous waste product excreted in the urine.
Urinary bladder
Hollow, muscular sac that holds and stores urine.
Urination (voiding)
Process of expelling urine; also called micturition.
cali/o, calic/o
Calyx (calix); cup-shaped
Cyst/o
Urinary bladder
glomerul/o
Glomerulus
meat/o
Meatus
Cystitis
Inflammation of the urinary bladder.
(Bacterial infections often cause acute or chronic cystitis. In acute cystitis, the bladder contains blood as a result of mucosal hemorrhage).
Nephr/o
Kidney
Pyel/o
Renal pelvis
ren/o
Kidney
trigon/o
trigone
Hydronephrosis
Condition of excess fluid (water) in the kidney.
(Obstruction of urine flow may be caused by renal calculi (stones).
Ureter/o
Ureter
Urethr/o
Urethra
Vesic/o
Urinary bladder
albumin/o
Albumin
azot/o
Nitrogen
bacteri/o
Bacteria
dips/o
Thirst
kal/o, (hyperkalemia)
potassium, (too much potassium in our blood)
ket/o, keton/o
Ketone bodies, (increase in concentration in diabetic patients)
lith/o, (nephrolithiasis)
Stone, (kidney stones)
natr/o, (hyponatremia)
Sodium, (low sodium concentration in the blood)
noct/o, (nocturia)
Night, (frequent urination at night time)
olig/o, (oliguria)
Scanty, (your producing very little urine)
-poietin
Substance that forms
py/o, (pyuria)
Pus, (creation of pus in your urine (some kind of inflammation in your urinary bladder))
-tripsy, (lithotripsy)
To crush, (treatment plan to crush tiny stones using sound waves in the urinary system)
ur/o
Urea
-uria
Urination; urine condition
urin/o
Urine
Tests included in a urinalysis
- Color
- Appearance
- pH
- Protein
- Glucose
- Specific gravity
- Ketone bodies
- Sediment
- Phenylketonuria
- Bilirubin
Pathological Conditions of the Kidney
• Glomerulonephritis
• Interstitial nephritis
• Nephrolithiasis
• Nephrotic syndrome
• Polycystic kidneys (PKD)
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the glomeruli within the kidney (post-streptococcal infection??)
Nephrolithiasis
Renal stones
Nephrotic syndrome (nephrosis with marked proteinuria)
A group of clinical S/S due to excessive protein loss in urine (for example, after an infection or due to DM or as a toxic effect of drugs); edema & hypoalbuminemia observed
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
Hereditary (The kidneys contain masses of cysts. Typically polycystic kidneys weigh 20 times more than their usual weight).
Pathologic Conditions of the Kidney (cont’d)
• Pyelonephritis
• Renal cell carcinoma
• Renal failure
• Renal hypertension
•Wilms tumor
Renal cell carcinoma (hypernephroma)
Cancerous tumor of the kidney in adulthood.
Renal failure (RF)
Shut-down, normal stage 1 to end-stage RF 5, need hemodialysis (to filter and cleanse the blood)?
Renal HTN
High BP due to kidney disease (secondary HTN)(underlying cause) vs. essential (primary) HTN with unknown cause.
Pathologic Conditions (cont’d) of the Urinary bladder
- Bladder cancer
Associated conditions
- Diabetes insipidus (DI)
- Diabetes mellitus (DM)
Bladder cancer
More prevalent in men over 50, risk factors include smoking, industrial workers exposed to chemical dyes/agents. We can do a cystoscopy with biopsy for the proper diagnosis and treatment including cystectomy with hemo/radio therapy.
Clinical procedures: Cystoscopy
Direct visual examination of urinary bladder with an endoscope.
Clinical Procedures: Dialysis, Hemodialysis (HD), Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) (can be done at home)
The patient visits the dialysis center and gets hooked up with the dialysis machine where the blood enters, then exists to enter the dialysis machine, it gets filtered and cleaned, and then the cleansed blood enters back into the blood vessel of the patient.
Clinical procedures: Lithotripsy
A kidney stone is crushed into small pieces with sound waves that are sent to the stones. It is quite painful and often get a burnt mark on your skin when you come out.
Clinical procedures: Renal angioplasty
The surgical repair of the renal vessel.
Clinical procedures: Renal biopsy
Done to collect a tissue sample under the guidance of ultrasound.
Foley catheter (most common)
Insertion of a catheter to drain urine, to inflate or to irrigate or sterilize inside of the urinary bladder.
