Chapter 11 Part III: Cardiovascular System Flashcards
Laboratory Tests
• Lipid test profile
• Lipoprotein electrophoresis
• Serum enzyme tests
Lipid tests (lipid profile)
Measurements of cholesterol and triglycerides (fats) in a blood sample.
- The National Guideline for total cholesterol in the blood is
< 200 mg/dL. - Saturated fats (of animal origin, milk, butter, meats) increase while polyunsaturated fats (of vegetable origin, eg corn oil) decrease blood cholesterol.
- Treatment of hyperlipidemia include proper diet (low-fat, high fiber intake), exercise and meds including statins (“Zocor” or “Lipitor”).
- Lipoprotein (combination of fat and protein): examples include low-density (LDL) & high-density (HDL) lipoproteins (exercise and modest alcohol consumption can increase HDL).
Clinical Procedures: Diagnostic
- X-ray
- Ultrasound tests
X-ray
- Angiography and arteriography (Coronary angiogram).
- Computerized tomography angiography. (During a computerized tomography (CT) scan, a thin x-ray beam rotates around an area of the body, generating a 3-D image of the internal structures).
- Digital subtraction angiography (DSA).
- Electron beam computed tomography (EBCT or EBT).
Ultrasound Tests
- Doppler ultrasound
- Echocardiography (ECHO)
Doppler ultrasound studies
Sound waves measure blood flow within blood vessels.
Echocardiography (ECHO)
Echoes generated by high frequency sound waves produce images of the heart.
- In transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), a transducer is placed in the esophagus for more detailed results (cardiac mass, valve function, aneurysm, pericardial fluid).
Clinical Procedures: Diagnostic (cont’d)
- Cardiac catheterization
- Electrocardiography (ECG, EKG)
- Holter monitoring
- Stress test
Cardiac catheterization
Thin, flexible tube is guided into the heart via a vein or an artery to detect pressures and blood flow pattern in the heart, contrast maybe injected and x-ray images can be taken and thus maybe used in diagnosis and treatment of heart conditions.
- A left-sided cardiac catheterization may be completed by inserting a catheter retrograde (backward) from the femoral artery into the aorta and then into the left ventricle.
- For right-sided cardiac catheterization, the cardiologist inserts a catheter through the femoral vein and advances it to the right atrium and right ventricle and into the pulmonary artery.
- Catheterization through the radial artery is also performed by increasing the number of interventional cardiologists.
Electrocardiography (ECG)
Recording of electricity flowing through the heart.
Holter monitoring
An ECG device is worn during a 24-hour period to detect cardiac arrhythmias.
Stress test
Exercise tolerance test determines the heart’s response to physical exertion (stress).
Clinical Procedures: Treatment
• Cardioversion (defibrillation)
• Endarterectomy
• Extracorporeal circulation
• Heart transplantation
• Thrombolytic therapy
• Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery
2 examples…
- Vein bypass graft from leg - A section of a vein is removed from the leg and anastomosed to a coronary artery to bypass an area of arteriosclerotic blockage.
- Artery bypass graft from chest - An internal mammary artery is grafted to a coronary artery to bypass blockage.
Defibrillation (cardioversion)
Brief discharges of electricity applied across the chest to stop dysrhythmias.
Extracorporeal circulation
Heart-lung machine diverts blood from the heart and lungs during the surgical procedure.
Heart transplantation
A donor heart is transferred to a recipient.
Clinical Procedures: Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)
A balloon-tipped catheter (balloon angioplasty) is inserted into a coronary artery to open the artery, stents are put in place.
- Includes: percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), stent placement, laser angioplasty, and atherectomy.
Clinical Procedures: Thrombolytic therapy
Drugs used to dissolve clots.
AAA
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
ACLS
Advanced cardiac life support
AF, a-fib
Atrial fibrillation
AMI
Acute myocardial infarction
ASD
Atrial septal defect
AV, A-V
Atrioventricular
BP
Blood pressure
CABG
Coronary artery bypass grafting
CAD
Coronary artery disease
Cath
Catheterization
CHF
Congestive heart failure
CPR
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
DVT
Deep vein thrombosis
ECG; also EKG
Electrocardiography
ECHO
Echocardiography
EF
Ejection fraction
HDL
High-density lipoprotein
HTN
Hypertension (high blood pressure)
LDL
Low-density lipoprotein
MI
Myocardial infarction
MVP
Mitral valve prolapse
PCI
Percutaneous coronary intervention
PE
Pulmonary embolus
SA, S-A node
Sinoatrial node
SOB
Shortness of breath
VSD
Ventricular septal defect
angi/o
Vessel
aort/o
Aorta
arter/o, arteri/o
Artery
ather/o
Yellowish plaque
atri/o
Atrium
brachi/o
Arm
cardi/o
Heart
cholesterol/o
cholesterol
coron/o
Heart
cyan/o
Blue
myx/o
Mucus
ox/o
Oxygen
pericardi/o
Pericardium
phleb/o
Vein
pulmon/o
Long
rrhythm/o
Rhythm
sphygm/o
Pulse
steth/o
Chest
thromb/o
Clot
valvul/o, valv/o
Valve
vas/o, vascul/o
Vessel
ven/o, ven/i
Vein
ventricul/o
Ventricle
-constriction
Narrowing
-dilation
Widening; stretching; expanding
-emia
Blood condition
-graphy
Process of recording
-lysis
Breakdown; separation; destruction; loosening
-megaly
Enlargement
-meter
Measure
-oma
Tumor; mass; fluid collection
-osis
Condition; usually abnormal
-plasty
Surgical repair
-sclerosis
Hardening
-stenosis
Tightening; structure
-tomy
Process of cutting
a-, an-
No; not; without
brady-
Slow
de-
Lack of; down; less; removal of
dys-
Bad; painful; difficult; abnormal
endo-
in; within
hyper-
Above; excessive
hypo-
Deficient; below; under; less than normal
inter-
Between
Peri-
Surrounding
Tachy-
Fast
Tetra-
Four
Tri-
Three
Endarterectomy
An incision into the vessel to manually take out the plaque from the vessel and suture it back up with stitches. Or we can utilize a catheter and place a stent inside the vessel.
Transcatheter mitral valve replacement
Use a catheter under the guidance of the MR or X-ray imaging to get in there to replace the mitral valve and get the artificial one into the right spot to replace it.
