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BIO 200 > Chapter 11 Part III: Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Part III: Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Laboratory Tests

A

• Lipid test profile
• Lipoprotein electrophoresis
• Serum enzyme tests

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2
Q

Lipid tests (lipid profile)

A

Measurements of cholesterol and triglycerides (fats) in a blood sample.

  • The National Guideline for total cholesterol in the blood is
    < 200 mg/dL.
  • Saturated fats (of animal origin, milk, butter, meats) increase while polyunsaturated fats (of vegetable origin, eg corn oil) decrease blood cholesterol.
  • Treatment of hyperlipidemia include proper diet (low-fat, high fiber intake), exercise and meds including statins (“Zocor” or “Lipitor”).
  • Lipoprotein (combination of fat and protein): examples include low-density (LDL) & high-density (HDL) lipoproteins (exercise and modest alcohol consumption can increase HDL).
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3
Q

Clinical Procedures: Diagnostic

A
  • X-ray
  • Ultrasound tests
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4
Q

X-ray

A
  • Angiography and arteriography (Coronary angiogram).
  • Computerized tomography angiography. (During a computerized tomography (CT) scan, a thin x-ray beam rotates around an area of the body, generating a 3-D image of the internal structures).
  • Digital subtraction angiography (DSA).
  • Electron beam computed tomography (EBCT or EBT).
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5
Q

Ultrasound Tests

A
  • Doppler ultrasound
  • Echocardiography (ECHO)
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6
Q

Doppler ultrasound studies

A

Sound waves measure blood flow within blood vessels.

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7
Q

Echocardiography (ECHO)

A

Echoes generated by high frequency sound waves produce images of the heart.

  • In transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), a transducer is placed in the esophagus for more detailed results (cardiac mass, valve function, aneurysm, pericardial fluid).
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8
Q

Clinical Procedures: Diagnostic (cont’d)

A
  • Cardiac catheterization
  • Electrocardiography (ECG, EKG)
  • Holter monitoring
  • Stress test
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9
Q

Cardiac catheterization

A

Thin, flexible tube is guided into the heart via a vein or an artery to detect pressures and blood flow pattern in the heart, contrast maybe injected and x-ray images can be taken and thus maybe used in diagnosis and treatment of heart conditions.

  • A left-sided cardiac catheterization may be completed by inserting a catheter retrograde (backward) from the femoral artery into the aorta and then into the left ventricle.
  • For right-sided cardiac catheterization, the cardiologist inserts a catheter through the femoral vein and advances it to the right atrium and right ventricle and into the pulmonary artery.
  • Catheterization through the radial artery is also performed by increasing the number of interventional cardiologists.
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10
Q

Electrocardiography (ECG)

A

Recording of electricity flowing through the heart.

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11
Q

Holter monitoring

A

An ECG device is worn during a 24-hour period to detect cardiac arrhythmias.

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12
Q

Stress test

A

Exercise tolerance test determines the heart’s response to physical exertion (stress).

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13
Q

Clinical Procedures: Treatment

A

• Cardioversion (defibrillation)
• Endarterectomy
• Extracorporeal circulation
• Heart transplantation
• Thrombolytic therapy
• Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)

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14
Q

Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery

A

2 examples…

  • Vein bypass graft from leg - A section of a vein is removed from the leg and anastomosed to a coronary artery to bypass an area of arteriosclerotic blockage.
  • Artery bypass graft from chest - An internal mammary artery is grafted to a coronary artery to bypass blockage.
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15
Q

Defibrillation (cardioversion)

A

Brief discharges of electricity applied across the chest to stop dysrhythmias.

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16
Q

Extracorporeal circulation

A

Heart-lung machine diverts blood from the heart and lungs during the surgical procedure.

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17
Q

Heart transplantation

A

A donor heart is transferred to a recipient.

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18
Q

Clinical Procedures: Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)

A

A balloon-tipped catheter (balloon angioplasty) is inserted into a coronary artery to open the artery, stents are put in place.

  • Includes: percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), stent placement, laser angioplasty, and atherectomy.
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19
Q

Clinical Procedures: Thrombolytic therapy

A

Drugs used to dissolve clots.

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20
Q

AAA

A

Abdominal aortic aneurysm

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21
Q

ACLS

A

Advanced cardiac life support

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22
Q

AF, a-fib

A

Atrial fibrillation

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23
Q

AMI

A

Acute myocardial infarction

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24
Q

ASD

A

Atrial septal defect

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25
Q

AV, A-V

A

Atrioventricular

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26
Q

BP

A

Blood pressure

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27
Q

CABG

A

Coronary artery bypass grafting

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28
Q

CAD

A

Coronary artery disease

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29
Q

Cath

A

Catheterization

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30
Q

CHF

A

Congestive heart failure

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31
Q

CPR

A

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation

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32
Q

DVT

A

Deep vein thrombosis

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33
Q

ECG; also EKG

A

Electrocardiography

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34
Q

ECHO

A

Echocardiography

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35
Q

EF

A

Ejection fraction

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36
Q

HDL

A

High-density lipoprotein

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37
Q

HTN

A

Hypertension (high blood pressure)

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38
Q

LDL

A

Low-density lipoprotein

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39
Q

MI

A

Myocardial infarction

40
Q

MVP

A

Mitral valve prolapse

41
Q

PCI

A

Percutaneous coronary intervention

42
Q

PE

A

Pulmonary embolus

43
Q

SA, S-A node

A

Sinoatrial node

44
Q

SOB

A

Shortness of breath

45
Q

VSD

A

Ventricular septal defect

46
Q

angi/o

A

Vessel

47
Q

aort/o

A

Aorta

48
Q

arter/o, arteri/o

A

Artery

49
Q

ather/o

A

Yellowish plaque

50
Q

atri/o

A

Atrium

51
Q

brachi/o

A

Arm

52
Q

cardi/o

A

Heart

53
Q

cholesterol/o

A

cholesterol

54
Q

coron/o

A

Heart

55
Q

cyan/o

A

Blue

56
Q

myx/o

A

Mucus

57
Q

ox/o

A

Oxygen

58
Q

pericardi/o

A

Pericardium

59
Q

phleb/o

A

Vein

60
Q

pulmon/o

A

Long

61
Q

rrhythm/o

A

Rhythm

62
Q

sphygm/o

A

Pulse

63
Q

steth/o

A

Chest

64
Q

thromb/o

A

Clot

65
Q

valvul/o, valv/o

A

Valve

66
Q

vas/o, vascul/o

A

Vessel

67
Q

ven/o, ven/i

A

Vein

68
Q

ventricul/o

A

Ventricle

69
Q

-constriction

A

Narrowing

70
Q

-dilation

A

Widening; stretching; expanding

71
Q

-emia

A

Blood condition

72
Q

-graphy

A

Process of recording

73
Q

-lysis

A

Breakdown; separation; destruction; loosening

74
Q

-megaly

A

Enlargement

75
Q

-meter

A

Measure

76
Q

-oma

A

Tumor; mass; fluid collection

77
Q

-osis

A

Condition; usually abnormal

78
Q

-plasty

A

Surgical repair

79
Q

-sclerosis

A

Hardening

80
Q

-stenosis

A

Tightening; structure

81
Q

-tomy

A

Process of cutting

82
Q

a-, an-

A

No; not; without

83
Q

brady-

A

Slow

84
Q

de-

A

Lack of; down; less; removal of

85
Q

dys-

A

Bad; painful; difficult; abnormal

86
Q

endo-

A

in; within

87
Q

hyper-

A

Above; excessive

88
Q

hypo-

A

Deficient; below; under; less than normal

89
Q

inter-

A

Between

90
Q

Peri-

A

Surrounding

91
Q

Tachy-

A

Fast

92
Q

Tetra-

A

Four

93
Q

Tri-

A

Three

94
Q

Endarterectomy

A

An incision into the vessel to manually take out the plaque from the vessel and suture it back up with stitches. Or we can utilize a catheter and place a stent inside the vessel.

95
Q

Transcatheter mitral valve replacement

A

Use a catheter under the guidance of the MR or X-ray imaging to get in there to replace the mitral valve and get the artificial one into the right spot to replace it.

BIO 200 (17 decks)

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