Chapter 11 Part I: Cardiovascular System Flashcards
Cardiovascular System
Delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells of body tissue.
- Heart (muscular pump)
- Blood vessels (fuel line and transportation network)
Arteries
The vessels that lead away from the heart.
Veins
Have thinner walls than arteries and move deoxygenated blood toward the heart from the tissues.
Capillaries
The smallest vessels. They form the point of exchange for oxygen and nutrients into body cells and waste products coming from body cells.
Places to take pulse:
- Common carotid artery (on neck)
- Brachial artery (on arm)
- Radial artery (one of the most commonly accessible places that we can take pulse) (wrist area)
- Femoral artery (inguinal region)
- Popliteal artery (back of knee)
- Dorsalis pedis artery (top of foot)
- Posterior tibial artery (behind the ankle)
Diving wall between Right and Left atrium
Interatrial septum (plural septa)
Diving wall between the Right ventricle and the Left ventricle
Interventricular septum
Innermost layer facing the lumen space inside the ventricle of the heart
Endocardium
Thick muscular layer in the heart surrounding the atrium and ventricles
Myocardium
Outermost layers of the heart including the (inner) visceral pericardium and the (outer) parietal pericardium that forms the pericardial cavity (10-15 mL of fluid)
Pericardium
Pericardium
Double layered membranous structure.
Pericardial cavity
Helps lubricate and minimize friction between the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium as the heart is expanding and contracting.
Tricuspid valve (cusps are flaps of the valves):
Between the right atrium and right ventricle.
Pulmonary valve:
Between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery.
Mitral valve:
Between the left atrium and left ventricle.
Aortic valve:
Between the left ventricle and aorta.
Two phases of the heartbeat:
• Diastole: relaxation
• Systole: contraction
- The diastole-systole cardiac cycle occurs between 70 to 80 times per minute (100,000 times per day).
- The heart pumps 3 ounces of blood with each contraction. This means that about 5 quarts are pumped per minute (75 gallons an hour and about 2000 gallons a day).
Heart Sounds
Closure of valves associated with sounds “lubb-dubb, lubb-dubb”
Lubb
Closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves at the beginning of systole.
Dubb
Closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves at the end of systole.
Murmur
An abnormal heart sound caused by
improper valve closure.
Heart rate (HR)
70-80 per minute = 100,000 times per day
Volume
Each beat pumps out 3 oz of blood =
75 gallons per hr or 2,000 gallons per day
Diastole
Tricuspid or the mitral valve will open up to fill the ventricle. The relaxation phase of the ventricle or filling of the ventricular chambers.
Systole
The contraction phase of the heart beat or the left and right ventricles. Both the tricuspid and mitral valves will close, so that the ejection of the blood can happen through the opening of the pulmonary valve and the aortic valve.
Sinoatrial node (SA node)
The pacemaker of the heart.
Pacemaker
Origin of electrical impulse causing walls of the atria to contract and force blood into the ventricles (ending diastole).
Conduction System of the Heart
- Sinoatrial node (SA node)
- Atrioventricular node (AV node) (slight delay that allows both atria to contract completely in order to deliver blood to both ventricles).
- Atrioventricular bundle (Bundle of His) (AV bundle) (splits into the right bundle branch and into the left bundle branch).
- Right bundle branch will travel to the right ventricle.
- Left bundle branch will travel to the left ventricle (bundle branches usually terminate as the conduction fibers, conduction myofibers, or the purkinje fibers).
Atrioventricular node (AV node)
This sends the excitation wave to a bundle of specialized fibers called the atrioventricular bundle or Bundle of His.
Bundle of His
Helps form conduction myofibers that extend to ventricle walls and stimulate them to contract, beginning systole. A short rest period follows.
Pacemaker
The pacemaker begins wave of excitation again.
ECG or EKG (electrocardiogram)
The record used to detect electrical changes in heart muscle as the heart beats.
Electrocardiogram
- P wave = spread of excitation wave over the atria just before contraction;
- QRS wave = spread of excitation wave over the ventricles as the ventricles contract;
- T wave = electrical recovery and relaxation of ventricles.
- A heart attack (myocardial infarction or MI) can be recognized by an elevation in the S-T segment of the ECG. Thus, one type of MI is an S-T elevation MI or STEMI.
Superior vena cava (SVC) and Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) combined (plural form)
Venae cavae
Blood pressure (BP)
The force that blood exerts on arterial walls.
Blood pressure (BP) Measurement Tool
Sphygmomanometer
Blood Pressure (BP) is expressed as a fraction:
Systolic pressure / diastolic pressure
Example: 120 / 80 mmHg
Hypertension
- High blood pressure.
- When BP > 140/90 mmHg
Systolic
Pressure generated as blood is ejected from the heart during systole. (Highest blood pressure)
Diastolic
Pressure during ventricular relaxation. (Lowest blood pressure)
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
Average between systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
When measuring blood pressure with a sphygmomanometer:
- Listen to the blood flow with a stethoscope.
- When you release the pressure with your handbulb pump, the first noise you hear should be the higher pressure, the systolic pressure.
- The sound starts to disappear as the pressure is completely relieved from the cuff.
- When the sound completely disappears, it is representing the lowest blood pressure point, the diastolic pressure.
When a blood vessel gets smaller typically,
The blood pressure gets higher.
Vasodilation and vasoconstriction:
Increases or decreases blood pressure.
Aorta
The largest artery in the body.
Apex of the heart
The lower tip of the heart.
Arteriole
A small artery.
Artery
The largest type of blood vessel; carries blood away from the heart to all parts of the body.
Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)
Specialized muscle fibers connecting the atria with the ventricles and transmitting electrical impulses between them.
Atrioventricular node (AV node)
Specialized tissue in the wall between atria; electrical impulses pass from pacemaker through AV node and bundle of His toward ventricles.
Atrium (plural: atria)
One of two upper chambers of the heart.
Capillary
The smallest blood vessel.
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Waste gas released by body cells, transported via veins to the heart, and
then to lungs for exhalation.
Coronary arteries
Blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. (Right coronary artery and Left coronary artery)
Deoxygenated blood
Oxygen-poor blood.
Coronary angiogram
Contrast media injected to find a blockage or obstruction in a coronary artery. (Could be due to atherosclerosis or plaque formation inside the artery)
Diastole
Relaxation phase of the heartbeat.
Electrocardiogram
Record of the electricity flowing through the heart.
Endocardium
Inner lining of the heart.
Endothelium
Innermost lining of blood vessels.
Mitral valve
Valve between the left atrium and left ventricle; bicuspid valve.
Murmur
Abnormal swishing sound caused by improper closure of heart valves.
Myocardium
Muscular, middle layer of the heart.
Normal sinus rhythm
Heart rhythm originating in sinoatrial node with resting rate of 60-100 beats/min.
Oxygen
Gas carried by the blood from the lungs to the heart to be pumped via arteries to all body cells.
Pacemaker (sinoatrial node)
Specialized nervous tissue in the right atrium that begins the heartbeat.
Pericardium
Double-layered membrane surrounding the heart.
Pulmonary artery
Artery carrying oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs.
Pulmonary circulation
Flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart.
Pulmonary valve
Valve positioned between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery.
Pulmonary vein
Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.
Pulse
The beat of the heart as felt through the walls of the arteries.
Septum (plural: septa)
A partition or wall dividing a cavity, such as that between the right and left atria and right and left ventricles.
Sinoatrial node (SA node)
The pacemaker of the heart.
Sphygmomanometer
An instrument to measure blood pressure.
Systemic circulation
Flow of blood from body tissue to the heart and back.
Systole
The contraction phase of the heartbeat.
Tricuspid valve
Located between the right atrium and right ventricle; has three leaflets or cusps.
Valve
A structure in veins or in the heart that temporarily closes an opening so blood flows in only one direction.
Vein
A thin-walled vessel that carries blood from body tissues and lungs back to the heart; contains valves to prevent the backflow of blood.
Vena cava (plural: venae cavae)
The largest vein in the body; superior and inferior venae cavae return blood to the right atrium of heart.
Ventricle
One of the two lower chambers of the heart.
Venule
A small vein.
angi/o
Vessel
aort/o
Aorta
arter/o, arteri/o
Artery
ather/o
Yellowish plaque
Atri/o
Atrium
brachi/o
Arm
cardi/o
Heart
cholesterol/o
Cholesterol
coron/o
Heart
cyan/o
Blue
myx/o
Mucus
ox/o
Oxygen
pericardi/o
Pericardium
phleb/o
Vein
sphygm/o
Pulse
steth/o
Chest
thromb/o
Clot
valvul/o, valv/o
Valve
vas/o, vascul/o
Vessel
ven/o, ven/i
Vein
ventricul/o
Ventricle
