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BIO 200 > Chapter 11 Part I: Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Part I: Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

Delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells of body tissue.
- Heart (muscular pump)
- Blood vessels (fuel line and transportation network)

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2
Q

Arteries

A

The vessels that lead away from the heart.

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3
Q

Veins

A

Have thinner walls than arteries and move deoxygenated blood toward the heart from the tissues.

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4
Q

Capillaries

A

The smallest vessels. They form the point of exchange for oxygen and nutrients into body cells and waste products coming from body cells.

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5
Q

Places to take pulse:

A
  • Common carotid artery (on neck)
  • Brachial artery (on arm)
  • Radial artery (one of the most commonly accessible places that we can take pulse) (wrist area)
  • Femoral artery (inguinal region)
  • Popliteal artery (back of knee)
  • Dorsalis pedis artery (top of foot)
  • Posterior tibial artery (behind the ankle)
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6
Q

Diving wall between Right and Left atrium

A

Interatrial septum (plural septa)

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7
Q

Diving wall between the Right ventricle and the Left ventricle

A

Interventricular septum

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8
Q

Innermost layer facing the lumen space inside the ventricle of the heart

A

Endocardium

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9
Q

Thick muscular layer in the heart surrounding the atrium and ventricles

A

Myocardium

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10
Q

Outermost layers of the heart including the (inner) visceral pericardium and the (outer) parietal pericardium that forms the pericardial cavity (10-15 mL of fluid)

A

Pericardium

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11
Q

Pericardium

A

Double layered membranous structure.

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12
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

Helps lubricate and minimize friction between the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium as the heart is expanding and contracting.

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13
Q

Tricuspid valve (cusps are flaps of the valves):

A

Between the right atrium and right ventricle.

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14
Q

Pulmonary valve:

A

Between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery.

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15
Q

Mitral valve:

A

Between the left atrium and left ventricle.

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16
Q

Aortic valve:

A

Between the left ventricle and aorta.

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17
Q

Two phases of the heartbeat:

A

• Diastole: relaxation
• Systole: contraction
- The diastole-systole cardiac cycle occurs between 70 to 80 times per minute (100,000 times per day).
- The heart pumps 3 ounces of blood with each contraction. This means that about 5 quarts are pumped per minute (75 gallons an hour and about 2000 gallons a day).

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18
Q

Heart Sounds

A

Closure of valves associated with sounds “lubb-dubb, lubb-dubb”

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19
Q

Lubb

A

Closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves at the beginning of systole.

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20
Q

Dubb

A

Closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves at the end of systole.

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21
Q

Murmur

A

An abnormal heart sound caused by
improper valve closure.

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22
Q

Heart rate (HR)

A

70-80 per minute = 100,000 times per day

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23
Q

Volume

A

Each beat pumps out 3 oz of blood =
75 gallons per hr or 2,000 gallons per day

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24
Q

Diastole

A

Tricuspid or the mitral valve will open up to fill the ventricle. The relaxation phase of the ventricle or filling of the ventricular chambers.

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25
Q

Systole

A

The contraction phase of the heart beat or the left and right ventricles. Both the tricuspid and mitral valves will close, so that the ejection of the blood can happen through the opening of the pulmonary valve and the aortic valve.

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26
Q

Sinoatrial node (SA node)

A

The pacemaker of the heart.

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27
Q

Pacemaker

A

Origin of electrical impulse causing walls of the atria to contract and force blood into the ventricles (ending diastole).

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28
Q

Conduction System of the Heart

A
  1. Sinoatrial node (SA node)
  2. Atrioventricular node (AV node) (slight delay that allows both atria to contract completely in order to deliver blood to both ventricles).
  3. Atrioventricular bundle (Bundle of His) (AV bundle) (splits into the right bundle branch and into the left bundle branch).
  4. Right bundle branch will travel to the right ventricle.
  5. Left bundle branch will travel to the left ventricle (bundle branches usually terminate as the conduction fibers, conduction myofibers, or the purkinje fibers).
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29
Q

Atrioventricular node (AV node)

A

This sends the excitation wave to a bundle of specialized fibers called the atrioventricular bundle or Bundle of His.

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30
Q

Bundle of His

A

Helps form conduction myofibers that extend to ventricle walls and stimulate them to contract, beginning systole. A short rest period follows.

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31
Q

Pacemaker

A

The pacemaker begins wave of excitation again.

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32
Q

ECG or EKG (electrocardiogram)

A

The record used to detect electrical changes in heart muscle as the heart beats.

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33
Q

Electrocardiogram

A
  • P wave = spread of excitation wave over the atria just before contraction;
  • QRS wave = spread of excitation wave over the ventricles as the ventricles contract;
  • T wave = electrical recovery and relaxation of ventricles.
  • A heart attack (myocardial infarction or MI) can be recognized by an elevation in the S-T segment of the ECG. Thus, one type of MI is an S-T elevation MI or STEMI.
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34
Q

Superior vena cava (SVC) and Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) combined (plural form)

A

Venae cavae

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35
Q

Blood pressure (BP)

A

The force that blood exerts on arterial walls.

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36
Q

Blood pressure (BP) Measurement Tool

A

Sphygmomanometer

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37
Q

Blood Pressure (BP) is expressed as a fraction:

A

Systolic pressure / diastolic pressure

Example: 120 / 80 mmHg

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38
Q

Hypertension

A
  • High blood pressure.
  • When BP > 140/90 mmHg
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39
Q

Systolic

A

Pressure generated as blood is ejected from the heart during systole. (Highest blood pressure)

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40
Q

Diastolic

A

Pressure during ventricular relaxation. (Lowest blood pressure)

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41
Q

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

A

Average between systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

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42
Q

When measuring blood pressure with a sphygmomanometer:

A
  • Listen to the blood flow with a stethoscope.
  • When you release the pressure with your handbulb pump, the first noise you hear should be the higher pressure, the systolic pressure.
  • The sound starts to disappear as the pressure is completely relieved from the cuff.
  • When the sound completely disappears, it is representing the lowest blood pressure point, the diastolic pressure.
43
Q

When a blood vessel gets smaller typically,

A

The blood pressure gets higher.

44
Q

Vasodilation and vasoconstriction:

A

Increases or decreases blood pressure.

45
Q

Aorta

A

The largest artery in the body.

46
Q

Apex of the heart

A

The lower tip of the heart.

47
Q

Arteriole

A

A small artery.

48
Q

Artery

A

The largest type of blood vessel; carries blood away from the heart to all parts of the body.

49
Q

Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)

A

Specialized muscle fibers connecting the atria with the ventricles and transmitting electrical impulses between them.

50
Q

Atrioventricular node (AV node)

A

Specialized tissue in the wall between atria; electrical impulses pass from pacemaker through AV node and bundle of His toward ventricles.

51
Q

Atrium (plural: atria)

A

One of two upper chambers of the heart.

52
Q

Capillary

A

The smallest blood vessel.

53
Q

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

A

Waste gas released by body cells, transported via veins to the heart, and
then to lungs for exhalation.

54
Q

Coronary arteries

A

Blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. (Right coronary artery and Left coronary artery)

55
Q

Deoxygenated blood

A

Oxygen-poor blood.

56
Q

Coronary angiogram

A

Contrast media injected to find a blockage or obstruction in a coronary artery. (Could be due to atherosclerosis or plaque formation inside the artery)

57
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation phase of the heartbeat.

58
Q

Electrocardiogram

A

Record of the electricity flowing through the heart.

59
Q

Endocardium

A

Inner lining of the heart.

60
Q

Endothelium

A

Innermost lining of blood vessels.

61
Q

Mitral valve

A

Valve between the left atrium and left ventricle; bicuspid valve.

62
Q

Murmur

A

Abnormal swishing sound caused by improper closure of heart valves.

63
Q

Myocardium

A

Muscular, middle layer of the heart.

64
Q

Normal sinus rhythm

A

Heart rhythm originating in sinoatrial node with resting rate of 60-100 beats/min.

65
Q

Oxygen

A

Gas carried by the blood from the lungs to the heart to be pumped via arteries to all body cells.

66
Q

Pacemaker (sinoatrial node)

A

Specialized nervous tissue in the right atrium that begins the heartbeat.

67
Q

Pericardium

A

Double-layered membrane surrounding the heart.

68
Q

Pulmonary artery

A

Artery carrying oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs.

69
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

Flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart.

70
Q

Pulmonary valve

A

Valve positioned between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery.

71
Q

Pulmonary vein

A

Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.

72
Q

Pulse

A

The beat of the heart as felt through the walls of the arteries.

73
Q

Septum (plural: septa)

A

A partition or wall dividing a cavity, such as that between the right and left atria and right and left ventricles.

74
Q

Sinoatrial node (SA node)

A

The pacemaker of the heart.

75
Q

Sphygmomanometer

A

An instrument to measure blood pressure.

76
Q

Systemic circulation

A

Flow of blood from body tissue to the heart and back.

77
Q

Systole

A

The contraction phase of the heartbeat.

78
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

Located between the right atrium and right ventricle; has three leaflets or cusps.

79
Q

Valve

A

A structure in veins or in the heart that temporarily closes an opening so blood flows in only one direction.

80
Q

Vein

A

A thin-walled vessel that carries blood from body tissues and lungs back to the heart; contains valves to prevent the backflow of blood.

81
Q

Vena cava (plural: venae cavae)

A

The largest vein in the body; superior and inferior venae cavae return blood to the right atrium of heart.

82
Q

Ventricle

A

One of the two lower chambers of the heart.

83
Q

Venule

A

A small vein.

84
Q

angi/o

A

Vessel

85
Q

aort/o

A

Aorta

86
Q

arter/o, arteri/o

A

Artery

87
Q

ather/o

A

Yellowish plaque

88
Q

Atri/o

A

Atrium

89
Q

brachi/o

A

Arm

90
Q

cardi/o

A

Heart

91
Q

cholesterol/o

A

Cholesterol

92
Q

coron/o

A

Heart

93
Q

cyan/o

A

Blue

94
Q

myx/o

A

Mucus

95
Q

ox/o

A

Oxygen

96
Q

pericardi/o

A

Pericardium

97
Q

phleb/o

A

Vein

98
Q

sphygm/o

A

Pulse

99
Q

steth/o

A

Chest

100
Q

thromb/o

A

Clot

101
Q

valvul/o, valv/o

A

Valve

102
Q

vas/o, vascul/o

A

Vessel

103
Q

ven/o, ven/i

A

Vein

104
Q

ventricul/o

A

Ventricle

BIO 200 (17 decks)

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