Chapter 12 Part I: Respiratory System Flashcards
External respiration
Exchange of air in lung capillaries.
- Oxygen inhaled into the air sacs of the lungs.
- Immediately passes into capillaries.
- Carbon dioxide passes from capillaries into air sacs, to be exhaled.
Internal respiration
Exchange of gases in the cells.
- Occurs simultaneously between cells and capillaries.
- Oxygen passes out of the bloodstream into the tissues.
- Carbon dioxide passes out of tissues back into the bloodstream to travel to the lungs.
Mediastinum
Middle of chest where trachea divides into two branches. (includes trachea, esophagus, division of the trachea, vessels, and nerve endings).
Bronchus(i)
Each leads to a separate lung.
Lungs
Lobes are not mirror images.
Hilum
Blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic tissue, and bronchial tubes enter and exit.
Respiratory Structures: Conduct air
- Nose
- Nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
Respiratory Structures: Exchange gases
- Bronchioles
- Alveoli
- Lung capillaries
Organs of the Respiratory System
- Nose
- Nasal cavity
- Sinuses
- Nasopharynx
- Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
- Oropharynx
- Palatine tonsils
- Laryngopharynx
- Larynx
- Esophagus
- Epiglottis
- Trachea
- Mediastinum
- Bronchial tubes
(bronchus/bronchi) - Lung (lobes)
- Bronchioles
- Alveolus/Alveoli
- Capillary
- Erythrocytes
- Pleura (parietal)
- Pleura (visceral)
- Diaphragm
Pharynx
- Nasopharynx (communicates with the nasal cavity)
- Oropharynx (communicates with the oral cavity)
- Laryngopharynx (communicates with the trachea in front and the esophagus in the back)
Palatine Tonsils
Normal vs. Abnormal Conditions
Normal:
- Uvula
- Pharynx
- Soft palate
- Normal tonsil
Abnormal: (example: strep throat)
- Throat redness
- Whitish spots
- Swollen tonsil
- Yellow pus starts to form around the lymphoid (lymphatic) tissues
Larynx
- Epiglottis (opens and closes during swallowing motion)
- Aryepiglottic fold
- Glottis (opening that closes and opens as you are talking, it also vibrates as you are talking)
- Cartilage
- Vocal folds
Diaphragm: Inspiration
As the diaphragm contracts, it is pulling on the lung tissue from underneath it. The chest cavity is also expanding pulling on the lung tissue from outside to make the volume bigger. It is also pulling on the lung tissue from the superior portion of the lung. This results in the lung volume increasing from all directions, which creates a negative (less) pressure. It also creates a vacuum effect because air is being suctioned into the lung tissue during inspiration.
Diaphragm: Expiration
As the diaphragm relaxes, it compresses on the lungs from underneath it. As the rib cage starts to get smaller, it’s compressing from all sides to make the lung volume smaller. This creates a positive (greater) pressure. Now the pressure inside the lungs is greater than the outer atmospheric pressure. Air is being pushed out of the lungs and into the outer atmosphere during expiration because of the pressure differences that exist.
Passage of air
- Nose (Nares)
- Nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses
- Pharynx (adenoids, tonsils)
- Larynx (epiglottis)
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Alveoli
- Lung capillaries (bloodstream)
Adenoids
Lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx; pharyngeal tonsils.
Alveolus (plural: alveoli)
Air sac in the lung.
Apex of the lung
Tip or uppermost portion of the lung.
Base of the lung
The lower portion of the lung.
Bronchioles
The smallest branches of the bronchi.
Bronchus (plural: bronchi)
The branch of the trachea (windpipe) that is a passageway into the lung; bronchial tube.
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Gas produced by body cells when oxygen and carbon atoms from food combine; exhaled through the lungs.
Cilia
Thin hairs attached to mucous membrane epithelium lining the respiratory tract.
Diaphragm
Muscle separating the chest and abdomen; contracts to pull air into lungs; relaxes to push air out.
Epiglottis
Lid-like piece of cartilage that covers the larynx; keeps food from entering the larynx and trachea during swallowing.
Expiration
Breathing out (exhalation)
Glottis
Slit-like opening to the larynx. (creates sound that we call phonation)
Hilum (of lung)
Midline region where the bronchi, blood vessels, and nerves enter and exit the lungs.
Inspiration
Breathing in (inhalation)
Larynx
Voice box; contains the vocal cords.
Lobe
Division of a lung.
Mediastinum
The region between lungs in the chest cavity; contains the trachea, heart, lymph nodes, aorta, esophagus, and bronchial tubes.
Nares
Openings through the nose carrying air into the nasal cavities.
Oxygen (O2)
Gas that makes up 21% of air; passes into the bloodstream at the lungs and travels to all body cells.
Palatine tonsil
One of a pair of almond-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue in the oropharynx.
Paranasal sinus
One of the air cavities in the bones near the nose.
Parietal pleura
Outer fold of pleura lying closer to the ribs and chest wall.
Pharynx
The throat; including the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
Pleura
Double-folded membrane surrounding each lung.
Pleural cavity
Space between the folds of the pleura.
Pulmonary parenchyma
Essential parts of the lung, responsible for respiration; bronchioles and alveoli.
Respiration
The process of moving air into and out of the lungs; breathing.
Trachea
Windpipe
Visceral pleura
Inner fold of pleura lying closer to the lung tissue.
adenoid/o
Adenoids
alveol/o
alveolus, air sac
bronch/o
Bronchial tube
bronchi/o
Bronchus
bronchiol/o
Bronchiole, small bronchus
capn/o
Carbon dioxide
coni/o
Dust
cyan/o
Blue
epiglott/o
Epiglottis
laryng/o
Larynx, voice box
lob/o
Lobe of the lung
mediastin/o
Mediastinum
nas/o
Nose
orth/o
Straight, upright
ox/o
Oxygen
pector/o
Chest
pharyng/o
Pharynx, throat
phon/o
Voice
phren/o
Diaphragm
pleur/o
Pleura
pneum/o
Air, lung
pneumon/o, pulmon/o
Lung
rhin/o
Nose
sinus/o
Sinus cavity
spir/o
Breathing
tel/o
Complete
thorac/o
Chest
tonsill/o
Tonsils
trache/o
Trachea, windpipe
-ema
Condition
-osmia
Smell
-pnea
Breathing
-ptysis
Spitting
-sphyxia
Pulse
-thorax
Pleural cavity, chest
Pulmonary resection: Wedge
The removal of a small, localized area of diseased tissue near the surface of the lung. Pulmonary function and structure are relatively unchanged after healing. (more applicable if they want to perform a biopsy)
Pulmonary resection: Segmental
The removal of a bronchiole and it’s alveoli (one or more lung segments). The remaining lung tissue expands to fill the previously occupied space.
Pulmonary resection: Lobectomy
The removal of an entire lobe of the lung. After lobectomy, the remaining lung increases in size to fill the space in the thoracic cavity.
Pulmonary resection: Pneumonectomy
The removal of an entire lung. Techniques such as removal of ribs and elevation of the diaphragm are used to reduce the size of the empty thoracic space.
Resection
Cut something out.
