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BIO 200 > Chapter 12 Part I: Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Part I: Respiratory System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

External respiration

A

Exchange of air in lung capillaries.

  • Oxygen inhaled into the air sacs of the lungs.
  • Immediately passes into capillaries.
  • Carbon dioxide passes from capillaries into air sacs, to be exhaled.
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2
Q

Internal respiration

A

Exchange of gases in the cells.

  • Occurs simultaneously between cells and capillaries.
  • Oxygen passes out of the bloodstream into the tissues.
  • Carbon dioxide passes out of tissues back into the bloodstream to travel to the lungs.
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3
Q

Mediastinum

A

Middle of chest where trachea divides into two branches. (includes trachea, esophagus, division of the trachea, vessels, and nerve endings).

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4
Q

Bronchus(i)

A

Each leads to a separate lung.

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5
Q

Lungs

A

Lobes are not mirror images.

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6
Q

Hilum

A

Blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic tissue, and bronchial tubes enter and exit.

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7
Q

Respiratory Structures: Conduct air

A
  • Nose
  • Nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
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8
Q

Respiratory Structures: Exchange gases

A
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
  • Lung capillaries
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9
Q

Organs of the Respiratory System

A
  1. Nose
  2. Nasal cavity
  3. Sinuses
  4. Nasopharynx
  5. Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
  6. Oropharynx
  7. Palatine tonsils
  8. Laryngopharynx
  9. Larynx
  10. Esophagus
  11. Epiglottis
  12. Trachea
  13. Mediastinum
  14. Bronchial tubes
    (bronchus/bronchi)
  15. Lung (lobes)
  16. Bronchioles
  17. Alveolus/Alveoli
  18. Capillary
  19. Erythrocytes
  20. Pleura (parietal)
  21. Pleura (visceral)
  22. Diaphragm
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10
Q

Pharynx

A
  • Nasopharynx (communicates with the nasal cavity)
  • Oropharynx (communicates with the oral cavity)
  • Laryngopharynx (communicates with the trachea in front and the esophagus in the back)
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11
Q

Palatine Tonsils

A

Normal vs. Abnormal Conditions

Normal:
- Uvula
- Pharynx
- Soft palate
- Normal tonsil

Abnormal: (example: strep throat)
- Throat redness
- Whitish spots
- Swollen tonsil
- Yellow pus starts to form around the lymphoid (lymphatic) tissues

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12
Q

Larynx

A
  • Epiglottis (opens and closes during swallowing motion)
  • Aryepiglottic fold
  • Glottis (opening that closes and opens as you are talking, it also vibrates as you are talking)
  • Cartilage
  • Vocal folds
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13
Q

Diaphragm: Inspiration

A

As the diaphragm contracts, it is pulling on the lung tissue from underneath it. The chest cavity is also expanding pulling on the lung tissue from outside to make the volume bigger. It is also pulling on the lung tissue from the superior portion of the lung. This results in the lung volume increasing from all directions, which creates a negative (less) pressure. It also creates a vacuum effect because air is being suctioned into the lung tissue during inspiration.

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14
Q

Diaphragm: Expiration

A

As the diaphragm relaxes, it compresses on the lungs from underneath it. As the rib cage starts to get smaller, it’s compressing from all sides to make the lung volume smaller. This creates a positive (greater) pressure. Now the pressure inside the lungs is greater than the outer atmospheric pressure. Air is being pushed out of the lungs and into the outer atmosphere during expiration because of the pressure differences that exist.

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15
Q

Passage of air

A
  • Nose (Nares)
  • Nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses
  • Pharynx (adenoids, tonsils)
  • Larynx (epiglottis)
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
  • Lung capillaries (bloodstream)
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16
Q

Adenoids

A

Lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx; pharyngeal tonsils.

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17
Q

Alveolus (plural: alveoli)

A

Air sac in the lung.

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18
Q

Apex of the lung

A

Tip or uppermost portion of the lung.

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19
Q

Base of the lung

A

The lower portion of the lung.

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20
Q

Bronchioles

A

The smallest branches of the bronchi.

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21
Q

Bronchus (plural: bronchi)

A

The branch of the trachea (windpipe) that is a passageway into the lung; bronchial tube.

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22
Q

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

A

Gas produced by body cells when oxygen and carbon atoms from food combine; exhaled through the lungs.

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23
Q

Cilia

A

Thin hairs attached to mucous membrane epithelium lining the respiratory tract.

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24
Q

Diaphragm

A

Muscle separating the chest and abdomen; contracts to pull air into lungs; relaxes to push air out.

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25
Q

Epiglottis

A

Lid-like piece of cartilage that covers the larynx; keeps food from entering the larynx and trachea during swallowing.

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26
Q

Expiration

A

Breathing out (exhalation)

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27
Q

Glottis

A

Slit-like opening to the larynx. (creates sound that we call phonation)

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28
Q

Hilum (of lung)

A

Midline region where the bronchi, blood vessels, and nerves enter and exit the lungs.

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29
Q

Inspiration

A

Breathing in (inhalation)

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30
Q

Larynx

A

Voice box; contains the vocal cords.

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31
Q

Lobe

A

Division of a lung.

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32
Q

Mediastinum

A

The region between lungs in the chest cavity; contains the trachea, heart, lymph nodes, aorta, esophagus, and bronchial tubes.

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33
Q

Nares

A

Openings through the nose carrying air into the nasal cavities.

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34
Q

Oxygen (O2)

A

Gas that makes up 21% of air; passes into the bloodstream at the lungs and travels to all body cells.

35
Q

Palatine tonsil

A

One of a pair of almond-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue in the oropharynx.

36
Q

Paranasal sinus

A

One of the air cavities in the bones near the nose.

37
Q

Parietal pleura

A

Outer fold of pleura lying closer to the ribs and chest wall.

38
Q

Pharynx

A

The throat; including the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.

39
Q

Pleura

A

Double-folded membrane surrounding each lung.

40
Q

Pleural cavity

A

Space between the folds of the pleura.

41
Q

Pulmonary parenchyma

A

Essential parts of the lung, responsible for respiration; bronchioles and alveoli.

42
Q

Respiration

A

The process of moving air into and out of the lungs; breathing.

43
Q

Trachea

A

Windpipe

44
Q

Visceral pleura

A

Inner fold of pleura lying closer to the lung tissue.

45
Q

adenoid/o

A

Adenoids

46
Q

alveol/o

A

alveolus, air sac

47
Q

bronch/o

A

Bronchial tube

48
Q

bronchi/o

A

Bronchus

49
Q

bronchiol/o

A

Bronchiole, small bronchus

50
Q

capn/o

A

Carbon dioxide

51
Q

coni/o

A

Dust

52
Q

cyan/o

A

Blue

53
Q

epiglott/o

A

Epiglottis

54
Q

laryng/o

A

Larynx, voice box

55
Q

lob/o

A

Lobe of the lung

56
Q

mediastin/o

A

Mediastinum

57
Q

nas/o

A

Nose

58
Q

orth/o

A

Straight, upright

59
Q

ox/o

A

Oxygen

60
Q

pector/o

A

Chest

61
Q

pharyng/o

A

Pharynx, throat

62
Q

phon/o

A

Voice

63
Q

phren/o

A

Diaphragm

64
Q

pleur/o

A

Pleura

65
Q

pneum/o

A

Air, lung

66
Q

pneumon/o, pulmon/o

A

Lung

67
Q

rhin/o

A

Nose

68
Q

sinus/o

A

Sinus cavity

69
Q

spir/o

A

Breathing

70
Q

tel/o

A

Complete

71
Q

thorac/o

A

Chest

72
Q

tonsill/o

A

Tonsils

73
Q

trache/o

A

Trachea, windpipe

74
Q

-ema

A

Condition

75
Q

-osmia

A

Smell

76
Q

-pnea

A

Breathing

77
Q

-ptysis

A

Spitting

78
Q

-sphyxia

A

Pulse

79
Q

-thorax

A

Pleural cavity, chest

80
Q

Pulmonary resection: Wedge

A

The removal of a small, localized area of diseased tissue near the surface of the lung. Pulmonary function and structure are relatively unchanged after healing. (more applicable if they want to perform a biopsy)

81
Q

Pulmonary resection: Segmental

A

The removal of a bronchiole and it’s alveoli (one or more lung segments). The remaining lung tissue expands to fill the previously occupied space.

82
Q

Pulmonary resection: Lobectomy

A

The removal of an entire lobe of the lung. After lobectomy, the remaining lung increases in size to fill the space in the thoracic cavity.

83
Q

Pulmonary resection: Pneumonectomy

A

The removal of an entire lung. Techniques such as removal of ribs and elevation of the diaphragm are used to reduce the size of the empty thoracic space.

84
Q

Resection

A

Cut something out.

BIO 200 (17 decks)

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