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BIO 200 > Chapter 5: Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Digestive System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The digestive or gastrointestinal system performs four main functions:

A

Ingestion: intake
Digestion: mechanical and chemical breakdown.
Absorption: nutrient
Elimination: defacation

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2
Q

Ingestion

A

Food material taken into mouth

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3
Q

Digestion

A

Food is broken down, mechanically and chemically, as it travels through the gastrointestinal tract.

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4
Q

Digestive enzymes aid the breakdown or complex nutrients.

A

Proteins: amino acids
Sugars: glucose
Fats: fatty acids or triglycerides

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5
Q

Introduction: Absorption

A
  • Digested food passes into the bloodstream through lining cells of the small intestine.
  • Nutrients travel to all cells of the body.
  • Cells burn nutrients to release the energy stored in food.
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6
Q

Introduction: Elimination

A
  • The body eliminates solid waste materials that cannot be absorbed into bloodstream.
  • The large intestine concentrates feces.
  • The wastes pass out of the body through the anus.
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7
Q

Orans of the Digestive System

A

The gastrointestinal tract begins with the oral cavity.

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8
Q

bucc/o

A

Cheek

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9
Q

Cheil/o, labi/o

A

Lips

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10
Q

Palat/o

A

Palate (roof of the oral cavity) (hard palate and soft palate)

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11
Q

Uvul/o

A

Uvula

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12
Q

Gloss/o, Lingu/o

A

Tongue

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13
Q

Tonsill/o

A

Tonsils

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14
Q

Gingiv/o

A

Gums

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15
Q

Dent/i, odont/o

A

Teeth

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16
Q

Side of tooth facing the tongue

A

Lingual side

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17
Q

Side of tooth facing the cheeks

A

Buccal side

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18
Q

Side of tooth facing the lips

A

Labial (facial)

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19
Q

Salivary glands

A

1.) Parotid gland
2.) Submandibular Gland
3.) Sublingual Gland

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20
Q

Lower esophageal sphincter (cardiac sphincter)

A

Ring like muscle that guards the entry of the stomach.

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21
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

Guards the exit of the bolous before it enters the small intestine.

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22
Q

Villi

A
  • In the lining of the small intestine. -Finger like projections that increase the surface area for digestive process to become far more efficient.
  • The absorption is also far more efficient with villi that protrude into the lumen space of the small intestine.
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23
Q

Liver

A

-Produces bile.
-Helps maintain normal blood glucose levels.
-Manufactures blood proteins necessary for clotting.
-Releases bilirubin, a pigment in bile.
-Removes toxins and poisons from the blood.

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24
Q

Jaundice (Hyperbilirubinemia)

A

-Hemoglobin (is broken down by macrophages into)
- Heme and Globin
-Heme is broken down in bilirubin (excreted by liver in bile) and iron (reused or stored in liver, spleen, or bone marrow).
- Globin is broken down into protein.

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25
Q

The pancreas and it’s functions

A

Endocrine function:
-Insulin (lowers your sugar level)
-Glucagon (raises your sugar level in the blood)
(Goes to the bloodstream to cells)

Exocrine function:
-Enzymes are released to the duodenum to help start the digestive process

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26
Q

Food Pathway through the GI Tract

A

Food enters through the oral cavity and exits through the anus.

Oral Cavity (Salivary Glands release saliva to the oral cavity)
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
(Liver releases bile to the gallbladder which release bile to the duodenum) Duodenum (Pancreas releases to the duodenum)
Jejunum
Ileum
Cecum
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Anus

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27
Q

Absorption

A

Passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream.

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28
Q

Amino acids

A

Small building blocks of proteins; released when proteins are digested.

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29
Q

Amylase

A

Enzyme secreted by the pancreas and salivary glands to digest starch.

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30
Q

Anus

A

Terminal end or opening of the digestive tract to the outside of body.

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31
Q

Appendix

A

Blind pouch hanging from the cecum.

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32
Q

Bile

A

Digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder; breaks up large fat globules; composed of bile pigments, cholesterol, and bile salts.

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33
Q

Bilirubin

A

Pigment released by the liver in bile.

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34
Q

Bowel

A

Intestine

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35
Q

Canine teeth

A

Pointed, dog-like teeth next to the incisors; also called cuspids or eyeteeth.

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36
Q

Cecum

A

First part of the large intestine.

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37
Q

Colon

A

Consist of the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid segments.

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38
Q

Common bile duct

A

Carries bike from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum; also called the choledochus.

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39
Q

Defacation

A

Elimination of feces from the digestive tract.

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40
Q

Deglutition

A

Swallowing

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41
Q

Dentin

A

Primary material found in teeth; covered by the enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root.

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42
Q

Digestion

A

Breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms.

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43
Q

Duodenum

A

First part of the small intestine; measures 12 inches long.

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44
Q

Elimination

A

Act of removal of materials from the body.

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45
Q

Emulsification

A

Physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules.

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46
Q

Enamel

A

Hard, outermost layer of a tooth.

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47
Q

Enzyme

A

Chemical that speeds up reactions between substances; enzyme names end in -ase.

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48
Q

Esophagus

A

Tube connecting the throat to the stomach.

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49
Q

Fatty acids

A

Substances produced when fats are digested; a category of lipids.

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50
Q

Feces

A

Solid wastes; stool

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51
Q

Gallbladder

A

Small sac under the liver; stores bile.

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52
Q

Glucose

A

Simple sugar

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53
Q

Glycogen

A

Starch; glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells.

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54
Q

Hydrochloric acid

A

Substance produced by the stomach; necessary for digestion of food.

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55
Q

Ileum

A

Third part of the small intestine.

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56
Q

Incisor

A

One of four front teeth in the dental arch.

57
Q

Insulin

A

Hormone produced by endocrine cells of the pancreas; transports sugar from the blood into cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the liver.

58
Q

Jejunum

A

Second part of the small intestine.

59
Q

Lipase

A

Pancreatic enzyme needed to digest fats.

60
Q

Liver

A

Large organ located in the RUQ of the abdomen; secretes bile; stores sugar, iron, and vitamins; produces blood proteins; destroys worn-out RBCs; filters out toxins; normal adult liver weighs about 2 ½ to 3 pounds.

61
Q

Lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

A

Ring of muscles between the esophagus and stomach; cardiac sphincter.

62
Q

Mastication

A

Chewing

63
Q

Molar teeth

A

Sixth, seventh, and eighth teeth from the middle on either side of the dental arch.

64
Q

Palate

A

Roof of the mouth

65
Q

Pancreas

A

Organ under the stomach, produces insulin and enzymes.

66
Q

Papillae (singular: papilla)

A

Small, nipple-like elevations on the tongue.

67
Q

Parotid gland

A

Salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear.

68
Q

Peristalsis

A

Rhythmic contractions of the tubular organs.

69
Q

Pharynx

A

Throat, the common passageway for food from the mouth and for air from the nose.

70
Q

Portal vein

A

Large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines.

71
Q

Protease

A

Enzyme that digests protein.

72
Q

Pulp

A

Soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels.

73
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

Ring of muscle at the end of the stomach, near the duodenum; opens when a wave of peristalsis passes over it.

74
Q

Pylorus

A

Distal region of the stomach, opening to the duodenum.

75
Q

Rectum

A

Last section of the large intestine, connecting the end of the colon and the anus.

76
Q

Rugae

A

Ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach.

77
Q

Saliva

A

Digestive juice produced by salivary glands; contains the enzyme amylase.

78
Q

Salivary glands

A

Parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands.

79
Q

Sigmoid colon

A

Fourth and last, S-shaped segment of the colon, just before the rectum; empties into the rectum.

80
Q

Sphincter

A

Circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening.

81
Q

Stomach

A

Muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus.

82
Q

Triglycerides

A

Fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acids and one part glycerol; subgroup of lipids.

83
Q

Uvula

A

Soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate.

84
Q

Villi (singular: villus)

A

Microscopic projections in the wall of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream.

85
Q

an/o

A

Anus

86
Q

Append/o, appendic/o

A

Appendix

87
Q

Bucc/o

A

Cheek

88
Q

Cec/o

A

Cecum

89
Q

Celi/o

A

Belly, abdomen

90
Q

Cheil/o

A

Lip

91
Q

Cholecyst/o

A

Gallbladder

92
Q

Choledoch/o

A

Common bile duct

93
Q

Col/o, colon/o

A

Colon

94
Q

Dent/i

A

Tooth

95
Q

Duoden/o

A

Duodenum

96
Q

Enter/o

A

Intestines, usually small intestine

97
Q

Esophag/o

A

Esophagus

98
Q

Faci/o

A

Face

99
Q

Gastr/o

A

Stomach

100
Q

Gingiv/o

A

Gums

101
Q

Gloss/o, lingu/o

A

Tongue

102
Q

Hepat/o

A

Liver

103
Q

ile/o

A

ileum

104
Q

Jejun/o

A

Jejunum

105
Q

Labi/o

A

Lip

106
Q

Lapar/o

A

Abdomen

107
Q

Mandibul/o

A

Lower jaw, mandible

108
Q

odont/o

A

Tooth

109
Q

or/o

A

Mouth

110
Q

Palat/o

A

Palate

111
Q

Pancreat/o

A

Pancreas

112
Q

Peritone/o

A

Peritoneum

113
Q

Pharyng/o

A

Throat

114
Q

Proct/o

A

Anus and rectum

115
Q

Pylor/o

A

Pyloric sphincter

116
Q

Rect/o

A

Rectum

117
Q

Sialaden/o

A

Salivary gland

118
Q

Sigmoid/o

A

Sigmoid colon

119
Q

Stomat/o

A

Mouth

120
Q

Uvul/o

A

Uvula

121
Q

Amyl/o

A

Starch

122
Q

Bil/i

A

Gall, bile

123
Q

Bilirubin/o

A

Bilirubin (bile pigment)

124
Q

Chol/e

A

Gall or bile

125
Q

Chlorhydr/o

A

Hydrochloric acid

126
Q

Gluc/o, Glyc/o

A

Sugar

127
Q

Glycogen/o

A

Glycogen, animal starch

128
Q

Lip/o

A

Fat

129
Q

Lith/o

A

Stone

130
Q

Prote/o

A

Protein

131
Q

Py/o

A

Pus

132
Q

Sial/o

A

Saliva, salivary

133
Q

Steat/o

A

Fat

134
Q

-ase

A

Enzyme

135
Q

-chezia, hematochezia

A

Defacation, elimination of wastes

136
Q

-iasis

A

Abnormal condition

137
Q

-prandial, postprandial

A

Meal

138
Q

Anastomoses

A

Typically surgical connection of 2 structures (blood vessels or tubular structures)

-End to end
-End to side
-Side to side

BIO 200 (17 decks)

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