Chapter 13 Part I: Blood Flashcards
Blood
Transports foods, gases, and wastes to and from the cells of the body.
Other transported items:
- Chemical messengers
- Blood proteins, white blood cells, and platelets
Primary Functions of Blood
- Maintains a constant environment for the other living tissues.
- Transports nutrients (digested food particles from Gl), gases (O2, CO2), waste (urea) to/from body cells.
- Transports chemical messengers (hormones) from the sites of their secretion to distant target/regulatory sites.
- Contains proteins (clotting factors), WBC, RBC, antibodies, platelets (thrombocytes).
Composition of Blood
- Cells
- Plasma
- Water
- Proteins
- Sugar
- Salts
- Hormones
- Lipids
- Vitamins
Composition of Blood
- Blood is composed of cells (45% of the blood volume) suspended in a clear liquid called plasma (55% of the blood volume with 90% water).
- 45%: These cells include erythrocytes (RBC), leukocytes (WBC) and platelets/thrombocytes (clotting cells).
- 55%: Plasma which is a solution of water, proteins, sugar, salts, hormones and vitamins.
Erythrocytes
Red blood cells transport nutrients and oxygen.
Leukocytes
White blood cells.
Thrombocytes
Platelets; clot blood.
Types of Leukocytes: Basophils
Contain heparin (prevents clotting) and histamine (involved in allergic responses).
Types of Leukocytes: Eosinophils
Phagocytic cells involved in allergic responses and parasitic infections.
Types of Leukocytes: Neutrophils
Phagocytic cells that accumulate at sites of infection.
Types of Leukocytes: Monocytes
Phagocytic cells that become macrophages and digest bacteria and tissue debris.
Types of Leukocytes: Lymphocytes
Control the immune response; make antibodies to antigens.
Hematopoiesis
• Blood cells originate in the bone marrow cavity of bones.
• Both RBC & WBC arise from hematopoietic stem cells (hematopoiesis). These stem cells further change their shape/size to become specialized (differentiated, mature cells).
Plasma proteins
- Albumin
- Globulins: immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE)
- Fibrinogen
- Prothrombin
RBC (Erythrocytes)
Loses nucleus and assumes a biconcave disk shape that resembles a cough drop that allows for a large surface area to reabsorb & release gases (02 & CO2).
Erythrocytes
• Contains hemoglobin (heme + globin).
• Hg enables RBC’s to carry
O2 and this combination (oxyhemoglobin) produces the bright red color of blood.
• Erythropoietin (EPO, hormone) from the kidney stimulates RBC production in the marrow.
Erythrocytes Cont.
• Life span: ~100-120 days.
• Macrophages (in the spleen, liver, bone marrow) destroy old RBC’s (hemolysis) causing heme to release iron and decompose into yellow/orange pigment called bilirubin (jaundice/icterus).
Leukocytes
- Less numerous than RBC.
- Five mature types:
- Polymorphonuclear: granulocytes (basophil, eosinophil and neutrophil).
- Mononuclear: agranulocytes.
- Lymphocytes: part of immune response with antibody production (against antigens).
- Monocytes: phagocytic cell.
Platelets
Also known as thrombocytes.
- It’s main function is to clot blood.
Plasma
Liquid part of blood containing water, proteins, sugar, wastes, salt, hormones and others.
4 Main Proteins in Plasma
- 4 main proteins:
• Albumin: maintains proper concentration of water in blood.
• Immunoglobulins (Ig): antibodies that bind to antigen & destroy them (eg. IgA found in breast milk).
• Fibrinogen and prothrombin: involved in coagulation. - Plasmapheresis (-apheresis means to remove): process of separating plasma from cells (in a centrifuge machine).
Serum
Plasma minus clotting proteins and cells.
Centrifuge Process and Formed Elements
- Withdraw blood and place in tube.
- Centrifuge the blood sample.
After the blood sample is centrifuged the formed elements from top to bottom are…
Top
- Plasma - 55% of whole blood
- Least dense component
Middle
- Buffy coat - Leukocytes and platelets
- <1% of whole blood
Bottom
- Erythrocytes - 45% of whole blood (hematocrit)
- Most dense component
Composition of Formed Elements in Blood: Plasma
Water, proteins, nutrients, hormones, etc.
Composition of Formed Elements in Blood: Buffy coat
White blood cells, platelets.
Composition of Formed Elements in Blood: Hematocrit
Red blood cells.
Normal Blood:
Girl - 37%-47% hematocrit
Boy - 42%-52% hematocrit
Anemia:
Depressed hematocrit %
Polycythemia:
Elevated hematocrit %
Blood Types: Main Types
- A (41%)
- B (10%)
- AB (4%)
- O (45%)
- Rh +/-
Blood Types: A
Contains A antigen (RBC surface) and anti-B antibody (plasma).
Blood Types: B
Contains B antigen and anti-A antibody.
Blood Types: AB (universal recipient)
Contains A & B antigens and no anti-A or anti-B antibodies.
Blood Types: O (universal donor)
Contains no A or B antigens and both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.
Blood Types: Rh (+)
Contains Rh antigen.
Blood Types: Rh (-)
Contains no Rh antigen.
Blood Types: Note
Introducing A to B will cause hemolysis (A antigen from A will react with anti-A antibodies of B).
Blood Clotting: Coagulation
Fibrin clot
Blood Clotting: Anticoagulants
Heparin, warfarin (Coumadin)
Blood Coagulation (Clotting)
Complex involving many tissue factors, clotting factors, calcium and chains of chemical reactions to form fibrin clot (fibrinogen to fibrin in the final step).
Blood Coagulation (Clotting): Platelet plug
Aggregation
Blood Coagulation (Clotting): Anticoagulant
Substance which inhibits blood clotting.
• Heparin: produced by tissue cells of liver.
• Warfarin (Coumadin): given to patients w/thromboembolic disease.
Platelet Plug Formation
- Injury to vessel lining exposes collagen fibers; platelets adhere.
- Platelet plug forms.
- Fibrin clot with trapped red blood cells.
Albumin
Protein in the blood; maintains the proper amount of water in blood.
Antibody (Ab)
A specific protein produced by the lymphocytes in response to bacteria, viruses, or other antigens.
Antigen
A substance that stimulates production of an antibody.
Basophil
White blood cell that contains granules that stain blue.
Bilirubin
Orange-yellow pigment in bile; formed by breakdown of hemoglobin when
RBCs are destroyed.
Coagulation
Blood clotting.
Colony-stimulating factor (CSF)
Protein that stimulates growth of white blood cells.
Differentiation
The change in structure and function of a cell as it matures; specialization.
Electrophoresis
A method of separating serum proteins by electrical charge.
Eosinophil
White blood cell that contains granules that stain red.
Erythroblast
An immature red blood cell.
Erythrocyte
A red blood cell.
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Hormone secreted by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell formation.
Fibrin
Protein that forms the basis of a blood clot.
Fibrinogen
Plasma protein that is converted to fibrin in the clotting process.
Globulin
Plasma protein.
Ganulocyte
White blood cell with numerous dark-staining granules.
Hematopoietic stem cell
A cell in bone marrow that gives rise to all types of blood cells.
Hemoglobin
Blood protein containing iron; carries oxygen in red blood cells.
Hemolysis
Destruction or breakdown of blood (red blood cells).
Heparin
An anticoagulant found in blood and tissue cells.
Immune reaction
Response of the immune system to foreign invasion.
Immunoglobulin
A protein with antibody activity.
Leukocyte
A white blood cell.
Lymphocyte
Mononuclear leukocyte that produces antibodies.
Macrophage
Monocyte that migrates from the blood to tissue spaces; as a phagocyte, it engulfs foreign material and debris; destroys worn out RBCs.
Megakaryocyte
Large platelet precursor cell found in the bone marrow.
Monocyte
Leukocyte with one large nucleus; engulfs foreign material and debris;
becomes macrophage.
Mononuclear
Pertaining to cell (leukocyte) with single round nucleus.
Myeloblast
Immature bone marrow that gives rise to granulocytes.
Neutrophil
Granulocytic leukocyte formed in bone marrow; polymorphonuclear leukocyte.
Plasma
Liquid portion of blood; contains water, proteins, salts, nutrients, lipids, hormones, and vitamins.
Plasmapheresis
Removal of plasma from withdrawn blood by centrifuge.
Platelet
A small blood fragment important in clotting.
Polymorphonuclear
Pertaining to a white blood cell with multi-shaped nucleus; neutrophil.
Prothrombin
Plasma protein; converted to thrombin in the clotting process.
Reticulocyte
Immature erythrocyte.
Rh factor
Antigen on red blood cells of Rh- or positive (RH+) individuals.
Serum
Plasma minus clotting proteins and cells.
Stem cell
Unspecialized cell that gives rise to mature, specialized forms.
Thrombin
Enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin during coagulation.
Thrombocyte
Platelets
bas/o
Base
chrom/o
Color
coagul/o
Clotting
cyt/o
Cell
eosin/o
Red, dawn, rosy
erythr/o
Red
granul/o
Granules
hem/o
Blood
hemat/o
Blood
hemoglobin/o
Hemoglobin
is/o
Same, equal
kary/o
Nucleus
leuk/o
White
mon/o
One, single
morph/o
Shape, form
myel/o
Bone marrow
neutr/o
Neutral
nucle/o
Nucleus
phag/o
Eat, swallow
poikil/o
Varied, irregular
sider/o
Iron
spher/o
Globe, round
thromb/o
Clot
-apheresis
Removal, a carrying away.
-blast
Immature or embryonic cell.
-cytosis
Abnormal condition of cells (increase in cells).
-emia
Blood condition
-gen
Giving rise to; producing.
-globin, -globulin
Protein
-lytic
Pertaining to destruction.
-oid
Derived, related to, or originating from.
-osis
Abnormal condition
-penia
Deficiency
-phage
Eat, swallow
-philia
Attraction for (an increase in cell numbers).
-phoresis
Carrying, transmission
-poiesis
Formation
-stasis
Stop, control
-cyte
Cell (mature cell)
