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BIO 200 > Chapter 13 Part I: Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Part I: Blood Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Blood

A

Transports foods, gases, and wastes to and from the cells of the body.

Other transported items:
- Chemical messengers
- Blood proteins, white blood cells, and platelets

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2
Q

Primary Functions of Blood

A
  1. Maintains a constant environment for the other living tissues.
  2. Transports nutrients (digested food particles from Gl), gases (O2, CO2), waste (urea) to/from body cells.
  3. Transports chemical messengers (hormones) from the sites of their secretion to distant target/regulatory sites.
  4. Contains proteins (clotting factors), WBC, RBC, antibodies, platelets (thrombocytes).
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3
Q

Composition of Blood

A
  • Cells
  • Plasma
  • Water
  • Proteins
  • Sugar
  • Salts
  • Hormones
  • Lipids
  • Vitamins
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4
Q

Composition of Blood

A
  • Blood is composed of cells (45% of the blood volume) suspended in a clear liquid called plasma (55% of the blood volume with 90% water).
  • 45%: These cells include erythrocytes (RBC), leukocytes (WBC) and platelets/thrombocytes (clotting cells).
  • 55%: Plasma which is a solution of water, proteins, sugar, salts, hormones and vitamins.
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5
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells transport nutrients and oxygen.

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6
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells.

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7
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Platelets; clot blood.

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8
Q

Types of Leukocytes: Basophils

A

Contain heparin (prevents clotting) and histamine (involved in allergic responses).

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9
Q

Types of Leukocytes: Eosinophils

A

Phagocytic cells involved in allergic responses and parasitic infections.

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10
Q

Types of Leukocytes: Neutrophils

A

Phagocytic cells that accumulate at sites of infection.

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11
Q

Types of Leukocytes: Monocytes

A

Phagocytic cells that become macrophages and digest bacteria and tissue debris.

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12
Q

Types of Leukocytes: Lymphocytes

A

Control the immune response; make antibodies to antigens.

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13
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

• Blood cells originate in the bone marrow cavity of bones.
• Both RBC & WBC arise from hematopoietic stem cells (hematopoiesis). These stem cells further change their shape/size to become specialized (differentiated, mature cells).

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14
Q

Plasma proteins

A
  • Albumin
  • Globulins: immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE)
  • Fibrinogen
  • Prothrombin
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15
Q

RBC (Erythrocytes)

A

Loses nucleus and assumes a biconcave disk shape that resembles a cough drop that allows for a large surface area to reabsorb & release gases (02 & CO2).

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16
Q

Erythrocytes

A

• Contains hemoglobin (heme + globin).
• Hg enables RBC’s to carry
O2 and this combination (oxyhemoglobin) produces the bright red color of blood.
• Erythropoietin (EPO, hormone) from the kidney stimulates RBC production in the marrow.

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17
Q

Erythrocytes Cont.

A

• Life span: ~100-120 days.
• Macrophages (in the spleen, liver, bone marrow) destroy old RBC’s (hemolysis) causing heme to release iron and decompose into yellow/orange pigment called bilirubin (jaundice/icterus).

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18
Q

Leukocytes

A
  • Less numerous than RBC.
  • Five mature types:
  • Polymorphonuclear: granulocytes (basophil, eosinophil and neutrophil).
  • Mononuclear: agranulocytes.
    • Lymphocytes: part of immune response with antibody production (against antigens).
    • Monocytes: phagocytic cell.
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19
Q

Platelets

A

Also known as thrombocytes.

  • It’s main function is to clot blood.
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20
Q

Plasma

A

Liquid part of blood containing water, proteins, sugar, wastes, salt, hormones and others.

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21
Q

4 Main Proteins in Plasma

A
  • 4 main proteins:
    • Albumin: maintains proper concentration of water in blood.
    • Immunoglobulins (Ig): antibodies that bind to antigen & destroy them (eg. IgA found in breast milk).
    • Fibrinogen and prothrombin: involved in coagulation.
  • Plasmapheresis (-apheresis means to remove): process of separating plasma from cells (in a centrifuge machine).
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22
Q

Serum

A

Plasma minus clotting proteins and cells.

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23
Q

Centrifuge Process and Formed Elements

A
  1. Withdraw blood and place in tube.
  2. Centrifuge the blood sample.

After the blood sample is centrifuged the formed elements from top to bottom are…

Top
- Plasma - 55% of whole blood
- Least dense component
Middle
- Buffy coat - Leukocytes and platelets
- <1% of whole blood
Bottom
- Erythrocytes - 45% of whole blood (hematocrit)
- Most dense component

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24
Q

Composition of Formed Elements in Blood: Plasma

A

Water, proteins, nutrients, hormones, etc.

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25
Q

Composition of Formed Elements in Blood: Buffy coat

A

White blood cells, platelets.

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26
Q

Composition of Formed Elements in Blood: Hematocrit

A

Red blood cells.

Normal Blood:
Girl - 37%-47% hematocrit
Boy - 42%-52% hematocrit

Anemia:
Depressed hematocrit %

Polycythemia:
Elevated hematocrit %

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27
Q

Blood Types: Main Types

A
  • A (41%)
  • B (10%)
  • AB (4%)
  • O (45%)
  • Rh +/-
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28
Q

Blood Types: A

A

Contains A antigen (RBC surface) and anti-B antibody (plasma).

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29
Q

Blood Types: B

A

Contains B antigen and anti-A antibody.

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30
Q

Blood Types: AB (universal recipient)

A

Contains A & B antigens and no anti-A or anti-B antibodies.

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31
Q

Blood Types: O (universal donor)

A

Contains no A or B antigens and both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.

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32
Q

Blood Types: Rh (+)

A

Contains Rh antigen.

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33
Q

Blood Types: Rh (-)

A

Contains no Rh antigen.

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34
Q

Blood Types: Note

A

Introducing A to B will cause hemolysis (A antigen from A will react with anti-A antibodies of B).

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35
Q

Blood Clotting: Coagulation

A

Fibrin clot

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36
Q

Blood Clotting: Anticoagulants

A

Heparin, warfarin (Coumadin)

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37
Q

Blood Coagulation (Clotting)

A

Complex involving many tissue factors, clotting factors, calcium and chains of chemical reactions to form fibrin clot (fibrinogen to fibrin in the final step).

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38
Q

Blood Coagulation (Clotting): Platelet plug

A

Aggregation

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39
Q

Blood Coagulation (Clotting): Anticoagulant

A

Substance which inhibits blood clotting.

• Heparin: produced by tissue cells of liver.
• Warfarin (Coumadin): given to patients w/thromboembolic disease.

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40
Q

Platelet Plug Formation

A
  1. Injury to vessel lining exposes collagen fibers; platelets adhere.
  2. Platelet plug forms.
  3. Fibrin clot with trapped red blood cells.
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41
Q

Albumin

A

Protein in the blood; maintains the proper amount of water in blood.

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42
Q

Antibody (Ab)

A

A specific protein produced by the lymphocytes in response to bacteria, viruses, or other antigens.

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43
Q

Antigen

A

A substance that stimulates production of an antibody.

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44
Q

Basophil

A

White blood cell that contains granules that stain blue.

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45
Q

Bilirubin

A

Orange-yellow pigment in bile; formed by breakdown of hemoglobin when
RBCs are destroyed.

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46
Q

Coagulation

A

Blood clotting.

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47
Q

Colony-stimulating factor (CSF)

A

Protein that stimulates growth of white blood cells.

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48
Q

Differentiation

A

The change in structure and function of a cell as it matures; specialization.

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49
Q

Electrophoresis

A

A method of separating serum proteins by electrical charge.

50
Q

Eosinophil

A

White blood cell that contains granules that stain red.

51
Q

Erythroblast

A

An immature red blood cell.

52
Q

Erythrocyte

A

A red blood cell.

53
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A

Hormone secreted by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell formation.

54
Q

Fibrin

A

Protein that forms the basis of a blood clot.

55
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Plasma protein that is converted to fibrin in the clotting process.

56
Q

Globulin

A

Plasma protein.

57
Q

Ganulocyte

A

White blood cell with numerous dark-staining granules.

58
Q

Hematopoietic stem cell

A

A cell in bone marrow that gives rise to all types of blood cells.

59
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Blood protein containing iron; carries oxygen in red blood cells.

60
Q

Hemolysis

A

Destruction or breakdown of blood (red blood cells).

61
Q

Heparin

A

An anticoagulant found in blood and tissue cells.

62
Q

Immune reaction

A

Response of the immune system to foreign invasion.

63
Q

Immunoglobulin

A

A protein with antibody activity.

64
Q

Leukocyte

A

A white blood cell.

65
Q

Lymphocyte

A

Mononuclear leukocyte that produces antibodies.

66
Q

Macrophage

A

Monocyte that migrates from the blood to tissue spaces; as a phagocyte, it engulfs foreign material and debris; destroys worn out RBCs.

67
Q

Megakaryocyte

A

Large platelet precursor cell found in the bone marrow.

68
Q

Monocyte

A

Leukocyte with one large nucleus; engulfs foreign material and debris;
becomes macrophage.

69
Q

Mononuclear

A

Pertaining to cell (leukocyte) with single round nucleus.

70
Q

Myeloblast

A

Immature bone marrow that gives rise to granulocytes.

71
Q

Neutrophil

A

Granulocytic leukocyte formed in bone marrow; polymorphonuclear leukocyte.

72
Q

Plasma

A

Liquid portion of blood; contains water, proteins, salts, nutrients, lipids, hormones, and vitamins.

73
Q

Plasmapheresis

A

Removal of plasma from withdrawn blood by centrifuge.

74
Q

Platelet

A

A small blood fragment important in clotting.

75
Q

Polymorphonuclear

A

Pertaining to a white blood cell with multi-shaped nucleus; neutrophil.

76
Q

Prothrombin

A

Plasma protein; converted to thrombin in the clotting process.

77
Q

Reticulocyte

A

Immature erythrocyte.

78
Q

Rh factor

A

Antigen on red blood cells of Rh- or positive (RH+) individuals.

79
Q

Serum

A

Plasma minus clotting proteins and cells.

80
Q

Stem cell

A

Unspecialized cell that gives rise to mature, specialized forms.

81
Q

Thrombin

A

Enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin during coagulation.

82
Q

Thrombocyte

A

Platelets

83
Q

bas/o

A

Base

84
Q

chrom/o

A

Color

85
Q

coagul/o

A

Clotting

86
Q

cyt/o

A

Cell

87
Q

eosin/o

A

Red, dawn, rosy

88
Q

erythr/o

A

Red

89
Q

granul/o

A

Granules

90
Q

hem/o

A

Blood

91
Q

hemat/o

A

Blood

92
Q

hemoglobin/o

A

Hemoglobin

93
Q

is/o

A

Same, equal

94
Q

kary/o

A

Nucleus

95
Q

leuk/o

A

White

96
Q

mon/o

A

One, single

97
Q

morph/o

A

Shape, form

98
Q

myel/o

A

Bone marrow

99
Q

neutr/o

A

Neutral

100
Q

nucle/o

A

Nucleus

101
Q

phag/o

A

Eat, swallow

102
Q

poikil/o

A

Varied, irregular

103
Q

sider/o

A

Iron

104
Q

spher/o

A

Globe, round

105
Q

thromb/o

A

Clot

106
Q

-apheresis

A

Removal, a carrying away.

107
Q

-blast

A

Immature or embryonic cell.

108
Q

-cytosis

A

Abnormal condition of cells (increase in cells).

109
Q

-emia

A

Blood condition

110
Q

-gen

A

Giving rise to; producing.

111
Q

-globin, -globulin

A

Protein

112
Q

-lytic

A

Pertaining to destruction.

113
Q

-oid

A

Derived, related to, or originating from.

114
Q

-osis

A

Abnormal condition

115
Q

-penia

A

Deficiency

116
Q

-phage

A

Eat, swallow

117
Q

-philia

A

Attraction for (an increase in cell numbers).

118
Q

-phoresis

A

Carrying, transmission

119
Q

-poiesis

A

Formation

120
Q

-stasis

A

Stop, control

121
Q

-cyte

A

Cell (mature cell)

BIO 200 (17 decks)

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