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BIO 200 > Chapter 12 Part II: Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Part II: Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

Diagnostic Term: Auscultation

A

Listening to sounds (with a stethoscope) within the body (lungs, abdomen).

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2
Q

Diagnostic Term: Percussion

A

Tapping on a surface to determine the difference in the density of the underlying structure; dull if over a solid / fluid filled organ or resonant / hollow over air filled tissue (lungs).

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3
Q

Diagnostic Term: Pleural rub

A

Scratchy sound produced by pleural surfaces rubbing against each other (friction rub) due to a thickened wall from inflammation (pleuritis/pleurisy), scarring, neoplasia,,, etc.

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4
Q

Diagnostic Term: Rale (crackles)

A

Fine crackling sound on auscultation (during inhalation) when there is fluid in the alveoli (eg. Pneumonia, acute bronchitis); rale in French means rattle.

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5
Q

Diagnostic Term: Rhonchus / rhonchi

A

Loud rumbling sounds on auscultation of bronchi obstructed by sputum: resembles “snoring” indicating congestion and inflammation in larger bronchial tubes.

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6
Q

Diagnostic Term: Sputum

A

Material (eg. phlegm) expelled (expectoration) from the bronchi, lungs, or upper respiratory tract by spitting; purulent (containing pus: py/o, green/brown) if infected, sputum with blood as in TB patients, sputum culture to determine pathogen.

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7
Q

Diagnostic Term: Stridor

A

Strained, high-pitched sound heard on inspiration by obstruction in the pharynx/larynx (eg, throat abscess, airway injury, allergic rxn, epiglottitis or laryngitis).

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8
Q

Diagnostic Term: Wheezes

A

Continuous high-pitched whistling sounds during breathing (expiration); air is forced through narrowed or obstructed airways (asthma).

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9
Q

Upper Respiratory Disorder: Croup

A

Acute viral infection of infants and children with obstruction of larynx, barking cough and stridor; often caused by influenza or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).

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10
Q

Upper Respiratory Disorder: Diphtheria

A

Acute infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract caused by diphtheria bacterium; immunity induced by administration of weakened toxins (antigens) between 6th and 8th weeks of life (DPT injections).

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11
Q

Upper Respiratory Disorder: Epistaxis

A

Nosebleed (irritation of nasal membranes, trauma, vitamin K deficiency, clotting abnormalities as in thrombocytopenia,,,, etc).

Thrombocytopenia: Deficiency of the thrombocytes or platelets.

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12
Q

Upper Respiratory Disorder: Pertussis

A

Whooping cough; highly contagious bacterial infection of the pharynx, larynx and trachea caused by Bordetella pertussis; violent, sudden (paroxysmal) high pitched ‘whoop” sound in infected babies/children when they inhale air after coughing.

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13
Q

Bronchial tube disorders: Asthma

A

Chronic bronchial inflammatory disorder with airway obstruction due to bronchial edema and constriction and increased mucus production; wheezing, dyspnea and cough; caused by allergy or infection, other triggers include exercise, strong odors, cold air, stress, allergens (dust, mold, pollens, foods) and medication (aspirin); treated with anti-inflammatory agents (steroids), bronchodilators (nebulizer), avoidance of triggers and patient education.

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14
Q

Bronchial tube disorders: Bronchiectasis

A

Chronic dilation of a bronchus secondary to infection; chronic infection with loss of elasticity of the bronchi.

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15
Q

Bronchial tube disorders: Chronic bronchitis

A

Inflammation of bronchi persisting over a long time; type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); infection and cigarette smoking.

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16
Q

Bronchial tube disorders: Cystic fibrosis (CF)

A

Inherited disorder of exocrine glands resulting in thick mucous secretions in the respiratory tract that do not drain normally; affects lungs, pancreas, sweat glands,,,, no cure.
- “Salty baby”

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17
Q

Lung Disorder: Emphysema

A

Hyperinflation of air sacs with destruction of alveolar walls from loss of elasticity; strong association with cigarette smoking; a form of COPD.

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18
Q

Lung Disorders: Atelectasis

A

Collapsing of the lung.

•Two forms
• Proximal obstruction of distal airways.
• Accumulations of fluid, blood, or air in the pleural cavity.

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19
Q

Lung Disorders: Lung Cancer

A

Malignant tumor from the lungs and bronchi; associated with smoking and metastasis.

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20
Q

Lung Disorders: Pneumonia

A

Acute inflammation and infection of alveoli, often filled with pus or inflammatory products; bacteria, fungus or viruses; air sacs become consolidated “glued” together or air exchange is less efficient.
- Community acquired.
- Hospital acquired (nosocomial).
- Aspiration (food, vomitus,,): affects elderly, stroke victims or patients with dysphagia or Alzheimer disease.

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21
Q

Lung Disorders:
X-ray of Pneumonia with consolidation

A

Air sacs are consolidated or stuck together. Should normally be clear and black, but consolation is seen.

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22
Q

Lung Disorders: Pulmonary edema

A

Fluid in the air sacs and bronchioles; can be a result of CHF (heart’s inability to pump required blood so there is a pooling of blood in the lungs); immediate medical attention needed in acute cases, have patients sit up to decrease venous return (orthopnea).

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23
Q

Lung Disorders: Pulmonary abscess

A

Large collection of pus (bacterial) in the lungs.

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24
Q

Lung Disorders: Pulmonary embolism (PE)

A

Clot or other material lodges in vessels of the lung; can lead to pulmonary infarction (necrosis).

25
Q

Lung Disorders: Pulmonary fibrosis

A

Formation of scar tissues in the connective tissue of the lungs; result of chronic inflammation or irritation.

26
Q

Lung Disorders: Tuberculosis (TB)

A

Infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis; lungs usually are involved but any organ in the body may be affected; cough, weight loss, night sweats, hemoptysis, pleuritic pain, treat with several drugs at the same time; tuberculin skin test given to hospital and medical employees because TB is highly contagious.

27
Q

Pleural Disorders: Mesothelioma

A

Rare malignant tumor arising in the pleura due to asbestos exposure; industrial workers (textile, insulation, building materials,,, etc).

28
Q

Pleural Disorders: Pleural effusion

A

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity (space).

29
Q

Pleural Disorders: Pleurisy (pleuritis)

A

Inflammation of pleura; causes pleuro / dynia and dyspnea and plueral effusion (if chronic).

30
Q

Pleural Disorders: Pneumothorax

A

Air gathers in the pleural cavity.

31
Q

Clinical Procedures: X-rays

A
  • Chest x-ray (CXR).
  • Computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest.
  • Pulmonary angiography.
32
Q

Clinical Procedures: Chest X-ray (CXR)

A

Radiographic image of the thoracic cavity (chest film).

33
Q

Clinical Procedures: Computed Tomography (CT) scan

A

Computer generated series of x-ray images show thoracic/abdominal structures in cross section.

34
Q

Clinical Procedures: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

Magnetic waves create images.

35
Q

Clinical Procedures: Bronchoscopy

A

Fiberoptic or rigid endoscope inserted into the bronchial tubes for diagnosis, biopsy, or collection of secretions.

36
Q

Clinical Procedures: Endotracheal intubation

A

Placement of tube from mouth to trachea to establish airway.

37
Q

Clinical Procedures: Laryngoscopy

A

Visual exam of the voice box.

38
Q

Clinical Procedures: Mediastinoscopy

A

Visual exam of the mediastinum (cut made over sternum).

39
Q

Clinical Procedures: Lung biopsy

A

Removal of lung tissue for microscopic exam.

40
Q

Clinical Procedures: Pulmonary function tests (PFTs)

A

Test to measure the ventilation mechanics of the lungs (airway function, lung volume/capacity) with a spirometer (measures the volume and rate of air).

41
Q

Clinical Procedures: Thoracentesis

A

Surgical puncture to remove fluid from pleural space.

42
Q

Clinical Procedures: Thoraco/tomy

A

Large surgical incision of the chest (biopsy, resections such as lob/ectomy or pneumon/ectomy).

43
Q

Clinical Procedures: Thoracoscopy (thorascopy)

A

Visual exam of the chest via small incisions and use of an endoscope.

44
Q

Clinical Procedures: Tube thoraco/stomy

A

Chest tube is passed through an opening in the chest to continuously drain a pleural effusion.

45
Q

Clinical Procedures: Tracheostomy

A

Surgical creation of an opening into the trachea through the neck.

46
Q

ABGs

A

Arterial blood gasses

47
Q

ARDS

A

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

48
Q

CF

A

Cystic fibrosis

49
Q

CO2

A

Carbon dioxide

50
Q

COPD

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

51
Q

CPAP

A

Continuous positive airway pressure

52
Q

CPR

A

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation

53
Q

CXR

A

Chest x-ray (film)

54
Q

DPT

A

Diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus

55
Q

ICU

A

Intensive care unit

56
Q

O2

A

Oxygen

57
Q

PE

A

Pulmonary embolism

58
Q

SOB

A

Shortness of breath

59
Q

TB

A

Tuberculosis

BIO 200 (17 decks)

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