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BIO 200 > Chapter 13 Part II: Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Part II: Blood Flashcards

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1
Q

Diseases of Red Blood Cells: Anemia

A

A deficiency in erythrocytes or hemoglobin.

Other types of anemia:
- Aplastic anemia
- Hemolytic anemia
- Pernicious anemia
- Sickle cell anemia
- Thalassemia

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2
Q

Types of Anemia: Aplastic anemia

A

Failure of blood cell production due to aplasia or absence of cell formation of bone marrow cells.

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3
Q

Types of Anemia: Hemolytic anemia

A

Reduction in red cells due to excessive destruction.

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4
Q

Types of Anemia: Pernicious (megaloblastic) anemia

A

Lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the bloodstream.

(Large, immature megaloblasts)

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5
Q

Pathology: An/emia

A

Deficiency in RBC or hemoglobin.

  • Iron deficiency is most common.
  • Microcytic RBC, increased hypochromic center of RBC.
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6
Q

Pathology: Aplastic anemia (-plasia means development or formation)

A

Failure of blood cells to develop in bone marrow, usually idiopathic.

  • Pancytopenia: stem cells fail to produce all cells (RBC, WBC, platelets).
  • Blood transfusion to prolong life.
  • Bone marrow transplant???
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7
Q

Types of Anemia: Sickle cell

A

Hereditary disorder of abnormal hemoglobin producing sickle shape erythrocytes and hemolysis.

(Crescent-shaped, distorted, fragile cells)

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8
Q

Types of Anemia: Thalassemia (target cells)

A

An inherited defect in the ability to produce hemoglobin, leading to hypochromia.

(Hemoglobin concentration is low)

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9
Q

Types of Anemia: Hemochromatosis

A

Excess iron deposits throughout the body.

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10
Q

Types of Anemia: Polycythemia vera

A

General increase in red blood cells.

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11
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia

A

Hereditary (abnormal hemoglobin S): crescent or sickle shape of RBC with hemolysis as cells are fragile and cannot pass through capillaries.

Signs and Symptoms: arthralgia, abdominal pain, ulceration of extremities.

Prevalent in African descent.

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12
Q

Types of Anemia: Hereditary Spherocytosis

A

(Red cells are less biconcave and fragile)

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13
Q

Normal Red Blood Cells

A

(Biconcave shape)

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14
Q

Sickle Cell Disease: Vaso-occlusive crisis (thrombotic)

A

Crisis because blood vessel is starting to become obstructed, increasing the risk of thrombotic lesions.

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15
Q

Disorders of Blood Clotting: Hemophilia

A

Excessive bleeding caused by the lack of one of the protein substances necessary for blood clotting; patients often bleed into weight-bearing joints, especially the ankles and knees.

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16
Q

Disorders of Blood Clotting: Purpura

A

Multiple pinpoint hemorrhages and accumulation of blood under the skin.

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17
Q

Diseases of White Blood Cells: Leukemia

A

An increase in cancerous white blood cells.

  • Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
  • Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
  • Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
  • Chronic lvmphocytic leukemia (CLL)
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18
Q

Diseases of WBC: Leukemia

A

Increased cancerous WBC (leukocytes).

  • Acute: immature leukocytes.
  • Chronic: mature leukocytes.
  • Malignant WBC’s fill the bone marrow and blood stream.
  • Treat with chemotherapy (anti-cancer meds, radiation, bone marrow transplant,,,).
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19
Q

Diseases of WBC: Remission

A

Disappearance of signs/symptoms of disease.

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20
Q

Diseases of WBC: Relapse

A

Reappearance of signs and symptoms.

21
Q

Leukemia

A

Proliferation & release of abnormal (premature) blood cell precursors.

22
Q

Diseases of White Blood Cells: Granulocytosis

A

Abnormal increase in granulocytes in the blood.

23
Q

Diseases of White Blood Cells: Mononucleosis

A

An infections disease marked by increased numbers of mononuclear leukocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes.

24
Q

Disease of Bone Marrow Cells: Multiple myeloma

A

Malignant neoplasm of bone marrow. Malignant cells destroy bone tissue and cause overproduction of immunoglobulins.

25
Q

Disease of Bone Marrow Cells: Multiple myeloma

A

Malignant neoplasm of bone marrow.

  • Destroys bone tissue (osteolysis):
    • Hypercalcemia
    • Anemia
    • Frequent infection
  • Autologous bone marrow transplantation may lead to remission and possible cure.
26
Q

Disease of Bone Marrow Cells: Multiple Myeloma

A
  • Protein electrophoresis: separating plasma proteins according to the size, albumin spikes and gamma immunoglobulins spike.
  • Bone lesion
27
Q

Clinical Procedures: Apheresis

A

Separation of blood into component parts and removal of a select part from the blood.

28
Q

Clinical Procedures: Blood transfusion

A

Whole blood or cells taken from a donor and infused into a patient.

29
Q

Clinical Procedures: Bone marrow biopsy

A

Microscopic examination of a core of bone marrow removed with a needle.

30
Q

Clinical Procedures: Hematopoietic stem cell transplant

A

Peripheral stem cells from a compatible donor administered into a recipient’s vein.

31
Q

Laboratory Tests: Bleeding time

A

Time required to stop bleeding time from a tiny puncture wound.

  • Normally takes 8 mins or less
32
Q

Laboratory Tests: Coagulation time

A

Time required for venous blood to clot in a test tube.

  • Normally takes less than 15 mins or less
33
Q

Laboratory Tests: Complete blood count (CBC)

A

Blood panel showing the numbers of blood cells, Hg, concentration, hematocrit (% of RBC),,,.

34
Q

Additional Laboratory Tests

A

• Hematocrit (Hct): % of RBC in a given blood volume.
• RBC count
• WBC count
• RBC morphology
• WBC differential (count)

35
Q

Bone Marrow Transplant Steps:

A
  1. Stem cells from the donor’s circulating blood are collected in a transfer bag or marrow cells are aspirated from the donor’s hip bone (ilium).
  2. Stem cells or marrow cells are mixed with an anticlotting agent and strained to remove bits of bone and fat.
  3. Stem cells or marrow cells are given intravenously via a catheter implanted in the upper chest and leading to a central vein.
36
Q

Bone Marrow Transplant: Hematopoietic stem cell and bone marrow transplantation: Allogeneic transplantation

A

(All/o means other, different) transplantation, in which a relative or unrelated person having a close or identical HLA (human leukocyte antigen) type is the donor. It carries a high rate of morbidity (disease) and mortality (death) because of complications of incompatibility such as GVHD (graft versus host disease).

37
Q

Bone Marrow Transplant: Hematopoietic stem cell and bone marrow transplantation: Autologous transplantation

A

Stem cells or bone marrow cells are removed from the patient during a remission phase and given back to the patient after intensive chemotherapy (drug treatment).

38
Q

Ab

A

Antibody

39
Q

ABO

A

Four main blood types - A, B, AB, and O

40
Q

BMT

A

Bone marrow transplantation

41
Q

CBC

A

Complete blood count

42
Q

EPO

A

Erythropoietin

43
Q

ESR

A

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

44
Q

Hct

A

Hematocrit

45
Q

Hgb, HGB

A

Hemoglobin

46
Q

IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM

A

Immunoglobulins

47
Q

RBC

A

Red blood cell; red blood cell count

48
Q

WBC

A

White blood cell; white blood cell count

BIO 200 (17 decks)

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