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BIO 200 > Chapter 18 Part I: Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Part I: Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

Introduction to the Endocrine System

A

• Glands release hormones.
• Hormones regulate the many and varied functions of an organism.
• Hormones bind to receptors.
• Receptors are recognition sites in the various target tissues on which hormones act.

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2
Q

Introduction to the Endocrine System (Cont’d)

A

• ENDOCRINE glands-
Secrete their hormones directly into the bloodstream.

• EXOCRINE glands-
Send chemical substances (tears, sweat, milk, saliva) via ducts to the outside of the body.

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3
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

• Thyroid gland
• Parathyroid glands (four glands)
• Adrenal glands (one pair)
• Pancreas (islets of Langerhans)
• Pituitary gland
• Ovaries (one pair)
• Testes (one pair)
• Pineal gland
• Thymus gland

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4
Q

Endocrine Tissue (Apart from Major Glands): Location, Secretion, and Action: Body cells

A

Secretion:
- Prostagladins

Action:
- Aggregation of platelets
- Contract uterus
- Lower acid secretion in stomach
- Lower blood pressure

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5
Q

Endocrine Tissue (Apart from Major Glands): Location, Secretion, and Action: Gastrointestinal tract

A

Secretion:
- Cholecystokinin
- Gastrin
- Secretin

Action:
- Contracts gallbladder
- Stimulates gastric secretion
- Stimulates pancreatic enzymes

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6
Q

Endocrine Tissue (Apart from Major Glands): Location, Secretion, and Action: Kidney

A

Secretion:
- Erythropoietin

Action:
- Stimulates erythrocyte production

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7
Q

Endocrine Tissue (Apart from Major Glands): Location, Secretion, and Action: Pineal gland

A

Secretion:
- Melatonin

Action:
- Induces sleep and affects mood

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8
Q

Endocrine Tissue (Apart from Major Glands): Location, Secretion, and Action: Placenta

A

Secretion:
- Human chorionic gonadotropin

Action:
- Sustains pregnancy

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9
Q

Endocrine Tissue (Apart from Major Glands): Location, Secretion, and Action: Skin

A

Secretion:
- Vitamin D

Action:
- Affects absorption of calcium

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10
Q

Endocrine Tissue (Apart from Major Glands): Location, Secretion, and Action: Thymus

A

Secretion:
-Thymosin

Action:
- Affects immune response

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11
Q

Thyroid Gland Continents Top to Bottom:

A
  • Thyroid cartilage
  • Thyroid gland
  • Isthmus
  • Trachea
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12
Q

Thyroid Function

A

• There are two hormones:
- Thyroxine or tetraiodothyronine (T4)
- Triiodothyronine (T3)
• Thyroid hormones aid cells in their uptake of oxygen and regulate metabolic rate.
• Calcitonin: stimulates calcium to leave the blood and enter the bone.

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13
Q

Thyroid Gland: Hormones and Actions

A
  • T3 (triiodothyronine): increases metabolism
  • T4 (thyroxine): increases metabolism
  • Calcitonin: decreases blood calcium
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14
Q

Parathyroid Gland Continents Top to Bottom:

A
  • Epiglottis
  • Pharynx
  • Thyroid gland
  • Parathyroid glands
  • Esophagus
  • Trachea
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15
Q

Parathyroid Glands

A

Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) which increase blood calcium.

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16
Q

Parathyroid Function

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH): causes calcium to mobilize from bones into the bloodstream.

• Calcitonin vs PTH: range of blood calcium level tightly regulated!!

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17
Q

Calcium

A

• Calcitonin vs PTH: range of blood calcium level tightly regulated!!

• Calcium: hypercalcemia or hypocalcemia.
- Stronger bones and teeth
- Muscle contraction
- Nerve impulse transmission
- Blood clotting
- Release of hormones

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18
Q

Adrenal Glands: Suprarenal Glands: Continents from Top to Bottom:

A
  • Adrenal cortex
  • Adrenal medulla
  • Kidney
  • Ureter

(All connected to blood vessels)

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19
Q

Adrenal Glands: Location and Structure

A

Each gland has two parts:

  • An outer portion, the adrenal cortex.
    • Secretes corticosteriods or steriods, chemicals derived from cholesterol.
  • An inner portion, adrenal medulla.
    • Secretes catecholamines chemicals derived from amino acids.
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20
Q

Function: Adrenal Cortex Secretes

A

• Glucocorticoids: influence metabolism of sugars, fats, and proteins (cortisol) and are anti-inflammatory (cortisone). Influences -SUGAR.
• Mineralocorticoids: regulate electrolytes.
- Aldosterone: reabsorption of
sodium/excretion of potassium. Influences- SALT.
• Gonadocorticoids: androgens and estrogens. Influences-SEX.

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21
Q

Function: Adrenal Medulla Secretes

A

• Two types of catecholamine hormones:

  • Epinephrine (adrenaline): increases heart rate and blood pressure, dilates bronchial tubes, releases glucose from storage.
  • Norepinephrine (noradrenaline):
    constricts vessels to raise blood pressure.
  • Both are sympathomimetic agents.
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22
Q

The Adrenal Cortex (Corticosteroids) Secretions:

A
  • Glucocorticoid: Cortisol: Increases blood glucose.
  • Mineralocorticoid: Aldosterone: Increases salt (sodium) reabsorption.
  • Sex hormones: Androgen and Estrogen: Sexual characteristics.
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23
Q

The Adrenal Medulla (Catecholamines) Secretions:

A
  • Epinephrine (adrenaline)
  • Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
  • Both are Sympathomimetic
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24
Q

Pancreas

A

• Located near and partially behind the stomach.
• Exocrine and endocrine organ.

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25
Q

Pancreas Function

A

Endocrine function

• Islets of Langerhans produce:
- Insulin: promotes movement of glucose into cells and promotes storage as glycogen.
- Glucagon: promotes movement of glucose into the blood by breaking down glycogen stored in liver cells.

(Glycogen= sugar store (glucose))

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26
Q

Pancreas Function (cont’d)

A

Pancreas (islet cells) produce insulin and glucagon.

Insulin: lowers blood sugar (glucose to glycogen). (glycogenesis)
Glucagon: raises blood sugar (glycogen to glucose). (glycogenolysis)

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27
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

• Pea-sized gland in depression of skull (sella turcica) also called the hypophysis.
> Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis).
> Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis).
• Hypothalamus controls secretions of the pituitary via releasing factors (hormones).

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28
Q

Pituitary Gland (cont’d)

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Pituitary gland (in sella turcica)
  • Adenohypophysis
  • Neurohypophysis
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pons
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29
Q

Relationship of the Hypothalamus to the Pituitary Gland:

A
  • Hypothalamus: secretes releasing and inhibiting factors via capillaries to the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) which secretes hormones.
  • Hypothalamus: secretes hormones directly to the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) which stores and releases hormones.
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30
Q

Pituitary Function

A

• Anterior pituitary
> Growth hormone (GH) or somatotropin (STH).
> Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH; thyrotropin).
> Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
> Gonadotropic hormones (FSH, LH).
> Prolactin (PRL).

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31
Q

Pituitary Function (cont’d)

A

• Posterior pituitary: stores and releases hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus.
> Antidiuretic hormone (ADH; vasopressin).
> Oxytocin (OT).

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32
Q

Pituitary Gland: Hormones and Actions: Anterior Pituitary

A
  • Adrenocorticotropin: Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): Stimulates adrenal cortex.
  • Gonadotropin: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): Stimulates ovaries and testes.
  • Gonadotropin: Luteinizing hormone (LH): Promotes ovulation; stimulates testes.
  • Somatotropin: Growth hormone (GH): Stimulates growth.
  • Thyrotropin: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): Stimulates thyroid gland.
  • Prolactin (PRL): Stimulates milk production.
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33
Q

Pituitary Gland: Hormones and Actions: Posterior Pituitary

A
  • Vasopressin: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): Increases water reabsorption.
  • Oxytocin: Stimulates labor.
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34
Q

Ovaries and Testes: Hormones and Actions: Ovaries

A
  • Estrogen: Estradiol: Female sexual characteristics.
  • Progesterone: Maintains pregnancy.
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35
Q

Ovaries and Testes: Hormones and Actions: Testes

A

Androgen: Testosterone: Male sexual characteristics.

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36
Q

Male

A

Testes

  • Hormone testosterone: Maintains germ cell formation and secondary sexual characteristics.
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37
Q

Female

A

Ovaries

  • Hormones: estrogen and progesterone: maintains menstrual cycle, release of ovum, secondary sexual characteristics, preparation of uterus for pregnancy.
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38
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

Outer section of each adrenal gland; secretes cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones.

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39
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Inner section of each adrenal gland; secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine.

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40
Q

Ovaries

A

Located in the lower abdomen of female; responsible for egg production and estrogen and progesterone secretion.

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41
Q

Pancreas

A

Located behind the stomach.

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42
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

Four small glands on the posterior of the thyroid gland.

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43
Q

Pituitary gland (hypophysis)

A

Located at the base of brain in the sella turcica.

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44
Q

Testes

A

Two glands enclosed in the scrotal sac of a male; responsible for sperm production and testosterone secretion.

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45
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Located in the neck on either side of the trachea; secretes thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin.

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46
Q

adrenaline (epinephrine)

A

Secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure.

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47
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates adrenal cortex.

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48
Q

Aldosterone

A

Secreted by the adrenal cortex; increases salt reabsorption.

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49
Q

Androgen

A

Male hormone secreted by the testes and adrenal cortex (to a lesser extent).

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50
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

Secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; increases reabsorption of water by kidney.

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51
Q

Calcitonin

A

Secreted by the thyroid gland; decreases blood calcium levels.

52
Q

Cortisol

A

Secreted by the adrenal cortex; increases blood sugar.

53
Q

Epinephrine (adrenaline)

A

Secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure.

54
Q

Estradiol

A

Estrogen secreted by the ovaries.

55
Q

Estrogen

A

Female hormone secreted by the ovaries and adrenal cortex (to lesser extent).

56
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates hormone secretion and egg production by ovaries and sperm production by testes.

57
Q

Glucagons

A

Secreted by alpha islet cells of pancreas; increases blood sugar.

58
Q

Growth hormone (GH); somatotropin

A

Secreted by the anterior lobe of the
pituitary gland; stimulates growth of bones and soft tissues.

59
Q

Insulin

A

Secreted by beta islet cells of pancreas; helps glucose pass into cells and promotes conversion of glucose to glycogen.

60
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

Secreted by the anterior lobe of pituitary gland; stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone secretion in males.

61
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure.

62
Q

Oxytocin (OT)

A

Secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates contraction of uterus during labor and childbirth.

63
Q

Parathormone (PTH)

A

Secreted by parathyroid glands; increases blood calcium.

64
Q

Progesterone

A

Secreted by the ovaries; prepares the uterus for pregnancy.

65
Q

Prolactin (PRL)

A

Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; promotes milk secretion.

66
Q

Somatotropin (STH)

A

Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; growth hormone.

67
Q

Testosterone

A

Male hormone secreted by the testes.

68
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH); thyrotropin

A

Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; promotes thyroid function.

69
Q

Thyroxine (T4)

A

Secreted by the thyroid gland; increases cell metabolism.

70
Q

Triiodothyronine (T3)

A

Secreted by the thyroid gland; increases cell metabolism.

71
Q

Vasopressin

A

Secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; antidiuretic hormone (ADH); raises water reabsorption and raises blood pressure.

72
Q

Catecholamines

A

Hormones derived from an amino acid and secreted by the adrenal medulla.

73
Q

Corticosteroids

A

Hormones produced by the adrenal cortex.

74
Q

Electrolyte

A

Mineral salt found in blood and tissues.

75
Q

Glucocorticoid

A

Steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; regulates glucose, fat, and protein metabolism.

76
Q

Homeostasis

A

Tendency of an organism to maintain a constant internal environment.

77
Q

Hormone

A

Substance secreted by an endocrine gland to influence structure or function of an organ or gland.

78
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Region of the brain lying below the thalamus and above the pituitary gland.

79
Q

Mineralocorticoid

A

Steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex to regulate mineral salts and water balance in the body.

80
Q

Receptor

A

Cellular or nuclear protein that binds to a hormone so that a response can be elicited.

81
Q

Sella turcica

A

Cavity in the skull that contains the pituitary gland.

82
Q

Sex hormones

A

Steroids produced by the adrenal cortex to influence male and female sexual characteristics.

83
Q

Steroid

A

Complex substance related to fats and of which many hormones are made.

84
Q

Sympathomimetic

A

Pertaining to mimicking or copying the effect of the sympathetic nervous system.

85
Q

Target tissue

A

Cells of an organ that are affected or stimulated by specific hormones.

86
Q

aden/o

A

Gland

87
Q

adrenal/o

A

Adrenal glands

88
Q

gonad/o

A

Sex glands (ovaries, testes)

89
Q

pancreat/o

A

Pancreas

90
Q

parathyroid/o

A

Parathyroid gland

91
Q

pituitar/o

A

Pituitary gland; hypophysis

92
Q

thyr/o

A

Thyroid gland

93
Q

thyroid/o

A

Thyroid gland

94
Q

andr/o

A

Male

95
Q

calc/o, calici/o

A

Calcium

96
Q

cortic/o

A

Cortex, outer region

97
Q

crin/o

A

Secrete

98
Q

dips/o

A

Thirst

99
Q

estr/o

A

Female

100
Q

gluc/o, glyc/o

A

Sugar

101
Q

home/o

A

Sameness

102
Q

hormon/o

A

Hormone

103
Q

kal/l

A

Potassium (an electrolyte)

104
Q

lact/o

A

Milk

105
Q

myx/o

A

Mucus

106
Q

natr/o

A

Sodium (an electrolyte)

107
Q

phys/o

A

Growing

108
Q

somat/o

A

Body

109
Q

ster/o

A

Solid structure

110
Q

toc/o

A

Childbirth

111
Q

toxic/o

A

Position

112
Q

ur/o

A

Urine

113
Q

-agon

A

Assemble, gather together

114
Q

-emia

A

Blood condition

115
Q

-in, -ine

A

A substance

116
Q

-tropin

A

Stimulating the function of

117
Q

-uria

A

Urine condition

118
Q

eu-

A

Good, normal

119
Q

hyper-

A

Excessive, above

120
Q

hypo-

A

Deficient, below

121
Q

oxy-

A

Rapid, sharp, acid

122
Q

pan-

A

All

123
Q

poly-

A

Much or increased

124
Q

tetra-

A

Four

125
Q

tri-

A

Three

BIO 200 (17 decks)

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