Chapter 7 - Reaction To Change At Home And Abroad Flashcards
What did the NA make after following the Royal family back to Paris after the October Days?
Salle du Manege + The Tulleries their meeting hall
What names came from the positions the deputies arranged themselves in?
Left-wing + Right-wing
Who were on the Right?
Noirs
(Aristocrats + Monarchists + Constitutional monarchists (Lafayette))
Who were on the Left?
A radical group which followed Antoine Barnarve
A ‘far left’ clique with Maximillian Robespierre
What were the most popular political clubs and factions?
The noble faction
The Societe de 89
The Jacobins
The Cordeliers Club
What were the Noble faction?
Producers of pamphlets
(3 issues a week)
What did the Noble faction believe?
Defended the monarchy
How did the Noble faction spread their ideas?
Produced les Actes des Apotres
(a satirical pamphlet)
Who were The Societe de 89?
Group founded by Sieyes
Charged a high member fee
What did The Societe de 89 believe?
They were supporters of the Constitutional monarchy
How did The Societe de 89 spread their ideas?
With influential members : Sieyes + Lafayette
What were the Jacobin Club?
Heirs to the Brenton club
What did the Jacobin Club believe?
Initially with the left ruling deputies but had more radical ideas
How did the Jacobin Club spread their ideas?
Expanded to smaller ‘Jacobin clubs’ around France
What were the Cordeliers Club?
An inclusive club that protected rights
What did the Cordeliers Club believe?
It was right-wing
Protected citizens rights and kept a watch on the activities of the Assembly
How did the Cordeliers Club spread their ideas?
Had a minimal entry fee
Open to women + passive citizens
Who were influential members of the Cordeliers Club?
Danton
Desmoulins
Marat
Herbert
Who was Robespierre?
Lawyer
Elected to the Estates General + predominant speaker of Jacobin club + Assembly
Called the ‘Incorruptable’ for commitment to rev
Associated with the Terror
Who was Danton?
Lawyer of Enlightenment ideas
Joined new National Guard
Helped found Cordeliers club
Served in Paris Commune + Legislative Assembly
Became Minister of Justice then first President of the Committee of Public Safety
Killed in the Terror
Who was Desmoulins?
Founder of Cordeliers Club
Nominated as a deputy but unable due to illness
Wrote articles for Mirabeau’s paper
Gave speeches at Palais-Royal + wrote radical pamphlets
Nickname ‘Lantern Lawyer’ - wanted to hang Nobles from lamp posts
Voted for kings execution
Killed for opposing the Terror
Who was Marat?
Doctor + scientific writer
Editor of newspaper - ‘L’Ami du peuple’
Criticised moderate rev leaders
Became Montagnard Deputy in NC
Favoured a temporary dictatorship to deal with emergency of war
Charlotte Corday assassinated him
Who is Hebert?
Bourgeoisie journalist
Wrote a series of political satires
Influential member of the Cordeliers + Jacobins + Commune
Helped plan sc resurrections
Turned Notre Dame into a ‘temple of reason’
Seen as dangerous after Terror
Who wrote newspapers?
Desmoulins
Marat
Hebert
What was Desmoulins’ newspaper?
Les Revolutions de France et de Brabant
A low-cost nationwide paper + attacked the monarchy
What was Marat’s newspaper?
L’Ami du Peuple
A popular and influential paper among working people of Paris
Contained long editorial + letters
What was Hebert’s newspaper?
Le Pere de Duchesne
Humorous + popular with workers
Had a ‘cult following’ for upper classes that wanted to be seen true to the rev
‘Hero’ of the paper was a pipe smoking man of the people
Why were the newspapers important?
Provided a platform for propaganda
Allowed decisions to be influenced to the Assembly
They reached normal people through public readings
Who had the executive power in France?
The King
Who continually undermined royal authority?
The Assembly
Who also had influence in the capital?
Lafayette + Bailley
The Commune
What was the only form of authority in many districts of the country?
Force
When did the Rural Revolution start?
1790
How long did the RR last for?
2 years
Until 1792
What did peasants do in the RR?
Fixed the price of grain
Called for the sale of church land
Attacked Chateaux
Why was the King in a difficult position?
His authority was questioned
Lost the support of his army
Divine Right challenged
Subjects showed lack of respect
‘Prisoner’ in the Tuileries
Count Mirabeau died who favoured a constitutional monarchy in the NA
Why were the royal family prevented from leaving the Tuileries to spend Easter at a nearby castle?
A mob of National Guardsmen defied Lafayette and tried to stop them
Who urged the king to take action to resist the rev movement?
MA + his sister
Who were the King and Queen in contact with?
A growing band of emigre nobles who wanted Louis to assert his authority
Who did MA know that would help the royal family?
Her brother Leopold (Holy Roman Emperor and Archbishop of Austria)
Had troops near the French border under his control
What did the king and his advisors decide to do?
Flee Paris
What was the escape called?
Flight to Varennes
(The place they aimed to go)
When did the escape attempts take place?
20/21st June 1791
What went wrong with the escape?
Louis decided they should all travel together
He disapproved of the route
Departure delayed
Weight in coaches slowed them down
Louis was recognised by a man who was tipped off
Representatives of the NA escorted them back to Paris
Who managed to escape the same day by a different route?
Louis’ brother
What was the outcome of the Flight to Varennes?
Made people have new doubts about the kings sincerity
What did Louis underestimated?
The popularity of the rev
What did the NA give Louis?
A ‘temporary suspension’ until the new constitution was ready and he had sworn to sign and uphold it
What effect did the FtoV have of the popular clubs?
There were calls for the kings abdication and trial
Calls for a Republic spread
What is a Republic?
A country with no monarch or emporer
What was the demonstration at the Champ de Mars?
The Cordeliers Club + more radical societies met at CdeM where people could sign a petition for a republic
When did it take place?
17 July
How many people attended?
6000
Who was sent to ensure order?
Lafayette + NG
How did this have the reverse effect?
As numbers increased Lafayette moved in and stones were thrown at the NG
Warning shots didn’t work so shots were fired directly at the crowd
How many people were killed?
~ 50
What did this come across as?
Radicals = betrayal of the people
Moderates = a massacre
What did the CdeM complete?
The split that had already opened between the third estate
What side did the men of wealth and property take when alarmed at the potential power of the mobs?
The ‘moderates’
What did Lafayette and Barnarve do when the broke from the Jacobins?
Started their own moderate ‘Feuillant Club’
What was their aim?
To stop the rev becoming more extreme
What did they do to act on this?
Broke up CdeM
Closed patriotic clubs + newspapers
Drove extremist leaders underground
Where did Danton flee to?
England
Where did Danton + Desmoulins go?
Into hiding
What did this cause?
Great anxiety and tension
What made the anxiety worse?
Rumours of an Austrian invasion
What happened on the 27 Aug?
The issuing of The Declaration of Pillnitz
Who issued the DofP?
Austrian Emperor Leopold II
Frederick-William III of Prussia
Why did they issue the DofP?
They felt they needed to make some gesture of support for the French Monarchy
What did the DofP state?
- Situation of French King was ‘common interest’ to all nations
- Powers of French crown should be restored
- They were ready to use force to get this
What did the Declaration increase?
Mistrust from people who had already lost their faith in the monarchy
What was more worrying to the frenchmen?
Threats of the emigrees forming armies in neighbouring countries waiting to return
By the end of 1791 how many of these emigrees were pre-revolutionary army officers?
60%
What met on 1 Oct 1791?
The new Legislative Assembly
What did the Decree on Nov 9 say about emigres?
Threatened to take their property unless they returned to France before 1 Jan 1792
What other religious Decree was made Nov 29?
A decree demanding that refractory priests take the oath or be treated as traitors
What did Louis do against these measures?
Used his suspensory veto
What did this do in the patriots minds?
Linked the two rebellious groups more closely together
What’s a patriot?
Supporter of the rev
What was the Assembly scared Prussia and Austria were doing?
Supporting the emigres and stirring counter-rev in France
Why did the Deputies begin to talk about war with these countries?
- It would unite the French people
- Expose counter-rev traitors
- Defend the ‘honour’ of the rev against its enemies
Who claimed that war would be easily won?
Jacques- Pierre Brissot
The group known as the Brissotins
What were the Brissotins later more commonly known as?
The Girodins
Why did they think the war would be easily won?
The oppressed people of Austria + Prussia would welcome French soldiers as ‘men of liberty’
Who opposed war?
Robespierre
Why did he dispute with the Brissotin’s argument?
He thought that the revs first priority should be to establish the rev firmly at home
Why did the Royal Family support war?
They wanted France to be defeated so he could regain more control
Who were MA and Louis in contact with to help them?
Louis = His brothers
MA = Count Ferson + her brother Leopold
What did Louis do to please the Assembly?
Appointed Girodin ministers
What was made in Feb 1792?
An alliance with Austria and Prussia where Prussia promised 20,000 men in support of a war against France
Who died on 1 Mar 1792?
Leopold II
What happened when Leo’s successor Francis II lacked a response to French demands?
The deceleration of war on France
20 Apr 1792
What were the two armies called?
The ‘blues’ + The ‘whites’
What were the ‘blues’?
Volunteers largely from the NG
What were the ‘whites’?
Men from the old royal navy
Why did the ‘blues’ not trust the ‘whites’?
Blues believed in rev and whites worked for the king
What was wrong with the commanders and officers?
Commanders = appointed by Louis
Officers = unexpirienced
What was a setback on 28 Apr in Lille?
French troops retreated on sight of the enemy
They massacred one of their own officers that they unfairly accused of treason
What happened to refractory priests on 27 May?
They were deported on the grounds they were ‘provoking disturbances’
What happened to the King’s Guard on 29 May?
It was disbanded after celebrating military setbacks
What decree was passed on 8 June?
A decree to help set up a federe camp of 2000 soldiers around France to expand the force of ‘National Guardsmen’
What did Louis use against the three decrees?
His suspensory veto
What was Lafayette accused of?
Planning counter-rev
