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Alevel French Revolution > Chapter 6 - The Attempts To Establish A Constitutional Monarchy > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - The Attempts To Establish A Constitutional Monarchy Flashcards

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1
Q

What did the NA set to make between 1789-1791?

A

A new constitution

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2
Q

What was the first thing the assembly wanted to change?

A

The church

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3
Q

What made it the obvious thing to change?

A

It’s association with the AR
Privileges with the first estate

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4
Q

What did the writer Louis-Sébastien Mercier complain?

A

Paris was ‘full of priests and tonsured clerics who serve neither the Church nor the state’

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5
Q

Who were seen as ‘wasters’?

A

Nuns and monks
Contributed little to the community

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6
Q

Who disapproved of binding religious vows?

A

Philosophes
They were taken by those who barely mature enough to understand their full meaning

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7
Q

Who were in favour of church reform?

A

Clergymen

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8
Q

What did the clergymen want for the church?

A

The temporal power of the church removed allowing for it to concentrate on its spiritual function

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9
Q

What was a gain that could solve Frances financial position?

A

The wealth of the church

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10
Q

What was agreed in the August Decrees?

A

Give up the tithe
Allow the govt to take over church funding

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11
Q

What were the religious changes aug 1789 - Jun 1790?

A

Pluralism abolished
Annates ended
Taxes to the church gone
No don gratuit
Church property nationalised
Full citizenship granted to Protestants
Religious orders ended unless providing for poor and sick

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12
Q

What did these orders mean for the assembly?

A

Weakened the churches power
Relieved burden of debt

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13
Q

How did they keep the economy afloat?

A

Sold monastic wealth and property

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14
Q

What is pluralism?

A

Holding more than one ecclesial office

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15
Q

What are annates?

A

A years revenue paid to the pope on the appointment of a new Abbot

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16
Q

What did the Civil Constitution of the Clergy do?

A

Reorganised the administrative structure of the church
Clergymen were paid state officials
Bishops and priests elected

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17
Q

What did the civil constitution of the clergy make the church?

A

Subservient to the state

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18
Q

Why was the Pope Pius VI in no place to object to anything?

A

He was in delicate negotiations with the French state about his Papal territory in Avignon that he didn’t want to jepodise

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19
Q

Who were critical of the measure?

A

Conservative clerics
Higher ranking clergy

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20
Q

What did the NA dismiss?

A

A proposal by French bishops and clergy to hold a synod

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21
Q

What’s a Synod?

A

Meeting of the French Church

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22
Q

What did they want a synod for?

A

To discuss the grounds that synods had been abolished

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23
Q

What was Louis forced to accept in Dec 1790?

A

The Civil Constitution

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24
Q

What was made from doubts about the Church’s support for the CC?

A

A decree that all clergy should ‘be faithful to the nation, the law and the King and to maintain with all their power the constitution decreed by the National Assembly’

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25
Q

What happened to clerics if they didn’t swear to this oath?

A

Deprived of their offices and salaries

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26
Q

What was the oath good at showing?

A

Which clerics were loyal to the revolution

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27
Q

What percentage of the parish clergy took the oath?

A

55%

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28
Q

What was the effect of the Pope finally going against the CC?

A

Some who formerly were supportive retracted their oath

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29
Q

What did the Assembly do to respond to the retractions?

A

Occupied Avignon annexing it to France
Declared that non-juring or refractory priests were ‘counter-revolutionaries’

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30
Q

What also happened to the non-juring and refractory priests?

A

Income stopped
Forbidden from using religious buildings
Religious dress banned - emphasise priests were no more than ‘citizens’
RP could be deported

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31
Q

What did the clergy do in response to these reforms?

A

Many fled abroad joining others who avoided rev change in foreign countries

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32
Q

Why were more conservative catholics alarmed?

A

They thought that the Assembly wanted to change their faith - made them turn against the measure

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33
Q

What were 50% of the population more scared of than their commitment to the revolution?

A

Eternal damnation

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34
Q

What did the Civil Constitution of the Clergy do overall?

A

Destroyed national unity
Led to counter-revolution and civil war

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35
Q

What did historian J.F Bosher say about the CCofC?

A

It ‘was fated to divide the nation more than any other single measure’

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36
Q

What Philosophes ideas had influence in the new political system?

A

Montesquieu
Locke

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37
Q

What other constitutions did the French look at to help them?

A

British
US

38
Q

Where were the broad concerns made clear?

A

Declaration of the Rights of Man

39
Q

What form of system did they decide the constitution should take to ensure that the King’s absolute power was destroyed?

A

Jul/Aug 1789 : a system of representative democracy where
- An elected governing body acted as the legislative
- The King and royal ministers made up the executive
- The judiciary made independent

40
Q

Was the governing body given one or two chambers?

A

One chamber

41
Q

Was the king allowed to veto laws or suspend enactment?

A

Allowed a suspensory veto but after 4 years the measure would become law
It was granted to balance power with deputies

42
Q

What other powers did the king have?

A

Allowed to select and appoint ministers to form a cabinet
(They weren’t allowed to sit in the assembly)

43
Q

What title did the King’s change to?

A

‘King of the French’
Not king of France
(Showed power under law not divine right)

44
Q

What was the King’s income changed to to support him?

A

25 million
(Reduction of 20 million)

45
Q

How often were elections held and how were they held?

A

Once every 2 years
Through an indirect system of electoral colleges

46
Q

Who had the right to vote?

A

Active citizens

47
Q

What were active citizens?

A

Males over 25
Lived in one place for a year
Spoke French
Paid direct taxes = to 3 days labour

48
Q

What were passive citizens?

A

Everyone else

49
Q

When was this constitution reluctantly accepted by Louis?

A

September 1791

50
Q

What was central government reform followed by?

A

Local government reform

51
Q

What happened in Nov 1789?

A

Abolishment of old provinces

52
Q

What was France divided into?

A

Roughly equal sized land areas
Making 83 Départements
Divided into districts
Divided into communes (local govt) representing towns, parish or community

53
Q

How many people were in the elected council of each department?

A

36

54
Q

Why was this significant?

A

It now meant they weren’t subject to central control

55
Q

Why was decentralisation a key revolutionary idea?

A

It helps to prevent returning to monarchical absolutism

56
Q

What were the majority of voters?

A

Propertied and educated bourgeoisie

57
Q

What was the problem in filling the offices in rural communes?

A

Not enough literate people

58
Q

What were the duties of the councils?

A

Law and order
Collection of taxes
Construction of roads

59
Q

What was created to improve the judiciary?

A

A hierarchy of courts

60
Q

What were the new administrative divisions in the hierarchy of courts?

A
  • Justices of the Peace = hear minor civil cases in the communes
  • District courts = more severe civil cases
  • Each department had a court in its capital for criminal cases ( 2 juries one for investigation and one for judgement)
  • tribunal de cassation = single central high court of appeal
61
Q

How were Justices of the Peace elected?

A

By active citizens for 2 year periods
Had to pay 10 days wages

62
Q

How were jurors elected?

A

By a lot
(To reduce venality)

63
Q

How were judges paid?

A

Salaries instead of fees from who they served

64
Q

What were the legal rights?

A
  • Accused person to be put before a judge within 24 hours of arrest
  • Accusations, proceedings and judgements open to the public
  • Accused to be assisted by a lawyer
  • Torture, branding and hanging abolished
    -Sentences to be fair and proportionate, equal and no consequences for their family
  • Accused person’s property can’t be seized
65
Q

What was the only ‘humane’ form of capital punishment?

A

The guillotine

66
Q

What was the overall change?

A

Punishments were less severe
Less crimes punishable by death
Cheaper more accessible system

67
Q

What did the govt issue to delay restricting finances?

A

Assignats

68
Q

How did assignats work?

A

Like govt bonds
Purchaser ‘loaned’ money to the govt but could exchange it for the newly nationalised church land

69
Q

What were assignats soon being used like?

A

Paper money for business transactions

70
Q

What did assignats cause with overprinting?

A

Inflation

71
Q

What was retained despite the Aug Decrees?

A

Some old taxes

72
Q

What did the peasants expect their liability on taxes to do once the privileged classes were taxed?

A

To fall

73
Q

What else did they order for those whose income exceeded 400 livres a year?

A

‘Patriotic contribution’
25% of income paid over two years

74
Q

What did the deputies then think about?

A

An economic restructuring programme

75
Q

What did the economic restructuring programme aim to do?

A

Replace the direct taxes : taille + vingtieme
Compensate for the loss of indirect taxes

76
Q

What were the three focuses of taxation?

A

Land
Pill or property
Limited tax on commercial activity

77
Q

Was the tax lighter for some after this?

A

Not really just differently assessed

78
Q

What did the programme do overall?

A

It was a fairer system that provided a basis for further reform

79
Q

What economic policies increased french trade and industry from restrictive controls?

A
  • Internal tariffs disappeared (grain deregulated)
  • Corporate bodies abolished (monopolies + guilds = barriers to trade)
  • Devolution of powers = increased boost to bourgeois entrepreneurs
  • New land owning bourgeois helped agriculture farming more profitably
80
Q

Who lost out most from the economic policies?

A

Poor peasants
(Couldn’t afford new high prices)
Created a new class of ‘capitalists’

81
Q

What did the Aug Decrees of ‘abolishing’ venality and privilege not take away?

A

Wealth or influence

82
Q

What allowed social mobility?

A

State charities for the poor
Public education
Removal of barriers to get to high office

83
Q

What changed socially with the church?

A

Reduction in influence
More toleration
Marriage being made civil rather than religious institution

84
Q

What replaced divisions of birth?

A

Gender
Wealth
Office

85
Q

Who had more rights than women?

A

Men

86
Q

Who had more rights than employees?

A

Employers

87
Q

What did workers have to carry around despite a greater freedom of opportunity?

A

A livret
(record of employment)

88
Q

What restrictions were under Le Chapelier law of June 1791?

A

Limited freedom of association
Workers forbidden from striking
No trade unions

89
Q

Who were the biggest beneficiaries of the revolutionary changes?

A

The bourgeoisie

90
Q

Why did the bourgeoisie benefit the most?

A

Their interests were dominant in the Assembly
They gained the most from the new opportunities to gain land, official positions and political influence

Alevel French Revolution (24 decks)

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